Part 1: Overview and concept of closed plant production system (CPPS) 1. Introduction 2. Role of the plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) in urban areas 3. PFAL business and R&D in Asia and North America: Status and perspectives 4. Vertical farming in Europe: Present status and outlook 5. Plant factory as a resource-efficient closed plant production system 6. Micro- and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life in urban areas 7. Rooftop plant production systems in urban areas

Part 2: Basics of physics and physiology - Environments and their effects 8. Light sources 9. Plant responses to light 10. LED advancements for plant-factory artificial lighting 11. Physical environmental factors and their properties 12. Photosynthesis and respiration 13. Growth, development, transpiration, and translocation as affected by abiotic environmental factors 14. Nutrition and nutrient uptake in soilless culture systems 15. Tipburn 16. Functional components in leafy vegetables 17. Medicinal components 18. Production of pharmaceuticals in a specially designed plant factory

Part 3: System design, construction, cultivation and management 19. Plant production process, floor plan, and layout of PFAL 20. Hydroponic systems 21. Seeding, seedling production and transplanting 22. Transplant production in closed systems 23. Photoautotrophic micropropagation 24. Biological factor management 25. Design and management of PFALs 26. Automated technology in plant factories with artificial lighting 27. Life cycle assessment 28. Education, training, and business workshops and forums on plant factories

Part 4: PFALs in operation and its perspectives 29. Selected PFALs in the United States, the Netherlands, and China 30. Selected PFALs in Japan 31. Representative plant factories in Taiwan 32. Challenges for the next-generation PFALs 33. Conclusions: Resource-saving and resource-consuming characteristics of PFALs