Lily Kahn is Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Languages at University College London (UCL). Her research areas include endangered and minority languages, as well as translation studies. She is co-editor with Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi of two UCL Press book series, Grammars of World and Minority Languages and Textbooks of World and Minority Languages.

Riitta-Liisa Valijärvi is Associate Professor of Finnish and Minority Languages at UCL and Senior Lecturer in Finnish and Finno-Ugric Languages at Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research interests include endangered and minority languages, language pedagogy, and song lyrics. Relevant publications include Finnish Tutor (2017) and North Sámi: An Essential Grammar (with Lily Kahn; Routledge, 2017).

Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1. Introduction

1.1. Greenlandic within the Eskimo-Aleut language family

1.2. Greenlandic language varieties

1.3. Historical and sociolinguistic introduction to West Greenlandic

1.3.1. Early history of Greenlandic

1.3.2. History of written West Greenlandic

1.3.3. Contemporary West Greenlandic

1.3.4. Aspects of Greenlandic culture

1.4. Characteristic features of West Greenlandic

1.5. How to use this grammar

1.5.1. Overall approach

1.5.2. Dictionary forms of words

1.5.3. Additive and truncative suffixes

1.5.4. Examples of grammatical points

1.5.5. Glossing

2. Phonology and orthography

2.1. The alphabet

2.2. Vowels

2.3. Consonants

2.4. Syllables, stress, and intonation

2.5. Morphophonological variation

2.5.1. Consonant changes

2.5.2. Vowel changes

2.5.3. Helping vowel ¿i¿

2.5.4 Loss of glides (j and v)

2.5.5 Stem types

2.5.6. Sound alternation in the beginning of suffixes

2.6. Kleinschmidt's orthography

3. Nouns

3.1. Case and number

3.2. Noun stem types

3.3. Function of cases

3.4. Possessive inflection

3.4.1. Possessive absolutive

3.4.2. Possessive relative

3.4.3. Possessive allative

3.4.4. Possessive locative

3.4.5. Possessive ablative

3.4.6. Possessive instrumental

3.4.7. Possessive prolative

3.4.8. Possessive equative

3.5. Collective suffixes

4. Pronouns

4.1. Personal

4.2. Demonstrative

4.3. Interrogative

4.4. Reflexive

4.5. Reciprocal

4.6. Other

5. Numerals

5.1. Cardinal

5.2. Ordinal

6. Noun modification (= adjectives)

6.1. Attributive modifiers

6.2. Predicative modifiers

6.3. Comparison

6.3.1. Comparative

6.3.2. Superlative

7. Verbs

7.1. Person and number

7.1.1. Subject suffixes

7.1.2. Object suffixes

7.2. Mood

7.2.1. Independent/main moods

7.2.2. Subordinate moods

7.3. Tense

7.3.1. Present tense

7.3.2. Past tense

7.3.3. Future tense

7.4 Aspect

7.4.1. Completed

7.4.2. Habitual

7.4.3. Inchoative

7.5. Modality

7.6. Evidentiality

7.7. Causativity

7.8. Reflexivity and reciprocity

7.8.1. Reflexivity

7.8.2. Reciprocity

7.9. Passivity

7.10. Valency

7.11. Negation

7.11.1. Basic negative suffixes

7.11.2. Negative suffixes with more specific meanings

7.11.3. Negative intransitive participle

7.11.4. Negative indefinite pronouns and adverbs

7.11.5. Periphrastic negative constructions

8. Participles

8.1. Intransitive participle

8.2. Passive participle

8.3. Abstract participle

9. Adverbs

9.1. Manner

9.2. Time

9.3. Place and direction

9.4. Degree, measure, and quantity

9.5. Modal

9.6. Interrogative

10. Postpositions

10.1. Place and direction

10.2. Time

10.3. Other

11. Conjunctions

11.1. Coordinating

11.2. Subordinating

12. Particles

12.1. Discourse particles and interjections

12.2. Enclitic particles

13. Suffixes

13.1. Suffix types

13.2. Order of suffixes

14. Phrases, clauses, and sentences

14.1. Basic word order

14.2. Incorporation

14.2.1. Incorporated predicative

14.2.2. Incorporated direct object

14.2.3. Incorporated noun in oblique cases

14.3. Definiteness

14.4. Clause types

14.4.1. Copular

14.4.2. Intransitive

14.4.3. Transitive

14.4.4. Half-transitive

14.4.5. Double transitive

14.4.6. Existential

14.4.7. Possessive

14.4.8. Impersonal

14.4.9. Interrogative

14.5. Complex sentences

14.5.1. Adverbial

14.5.2. Relative

14.5.3. Complement

15. List of essential suffixes

Suggested resources

Index