By Pamela Paxton; Melanie M. Hughes and Tiffany D. Barnes

About the Authors
Preface

1. Introduction to Women in Politics
Arguments for Women's Representation in Politics
The Story of Mukhtar Mai: Village Council Justice
Wife Beating in Nigeria-de jure vs. de facto Law
Filibustering in Texas-A Woman Representative Holds Out
Justice Arguments for Women's Representation
Utility Arguments for Women's Representation
A Brief Overview of Women's Participation in Politics
Orienting Theories
Power
The Dimensions of Power: An Example
Gender and Gender Stratification
Gender and Power Concepts: Patriarchy, Public Versus Private, and Intersectionality
Feminist Institutionalism
Overview of the Book

2. Women Struggle for the Vote: The History of Women's Suffrage
Social Movement Concepts
Suffrage in the United States
Women's Suffrage and the U.S. Constitution
Women and the Antislavery Movement: The Struggle Begins
The Leadership, Organization, and Tactics of the Early Suffrage Movement
"Ain't I a Woman?" By Sojourner Truth, 1851
The State Suffrage Movement: Why the West Was Best
Partnering With the Progressive Movement
Opposition to Women's Suffrage
Women Gain the Vote: The Events Leading to the Passage of the 19th Amendment
Suffrage Movements Outside the United States
Time Period
Movement Size, Composition, and Alliances
Goals and Ideology
Movement Opposition
Tactics and Level of Militancy
The International Women's Movement
Women's Suffrage After 1945
Women Exercising Their Vote
First Women Members of Parliament

3. Positions and Pathways: Women's Representation in Government
Government Structures and Positions of Power
Women Presidents and Prime Ministers
Paths to Power for Women National Leaders
Difficulties Faced by Women Leaders
Women in Cabinet Positions
Women in Parliaments
Milestones and Historical Trajectories
Women in Parliaments Today
Women in the Judiciary
Women in Local Governance

4. Intersectionality and Difference
Thinking Intersectionally
Slower and Lower: The Double and Triple Barriers faced by Women from Marginalized Groups
Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Women
Transgender, Gender Non-Conforming, and Intersex
Indigenous Women
The Puzzle of Success: Complementary and Strategic Opportunities
The Puzzle of Transgender Women's Success
All the Women are White, All the Blacks are Men
When Identities Collide: The Rights and Representaiton of Immigrant and Indigenous Women
But Who Represents Us? Multiple Marginalization and Substantive Representation
Out in the Open: "Out" Candidates and Public Officials
Who Is Indigenous

5. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Culture
A Woman's Place in History: Women in Political Philosophy
A Woman's Place Today: The Continuing Power of Culture
Regional Differences
Religion
Cultural Attitudes
Culture and Women's Representation in Politics
Ambition
Role Model Effects
Media

6. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Social Structure
Economic Development
Money
Time
Civic and Political Skills
Education
Work
Networks
Beyond Meritocracy
Violence Against Women in Politics

7. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Politics
Democracy
Selection Mechanisms
Electoral Systems
Why Are Proportional Representation Systems Good for Women?
Types of Political Representation Systems
Are the Same Systems and Rules Good for All Women?
Political Appointments
Characteristics of Political Parties
From Candidate to Legislator
Quotas
What Kinds of Quotas Are There and Which Are Better?
Threshold for Representation
Candidate Quotas, Political Party Quotas, and Reserved Seats
Quotas, Looking Beyond Gender
¡SOY JUANA, no "Juanita"!: Quota Reform in Mexico
Looking Beyond National Legislatures
The Adoption of Gender Quotas
Do Quotas affect Candidate Quality? Can Quotas Disrupt Men's Power?

8. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-International Factors
The International Women's Movement
A Brief History of Women's Activism in the United Nations
Women's Activism Increases the Supply and Demand of Women in Politics
Foreign Aid and Women's Representation
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Armed Conflict and Women's Access to Power

9. Do Women Make a Difference?
Thinking Differently: Women's Views on Women and Their Policy Priorities
Acting Differently: Women's Voting Patterns and Bill Sponsorship
Acting Successfully: Women's Legislative Effectiveness
Legislating Differently: Women's Legislative Style
Do Numbers Matter?
Women's Movements and Women's Policy Machinery as Alternative Sources of Influence
Winning Hearts and Minds: Symbolic Representation

10. Regions: The West and the United States
The Geography of Women in Politics
Western Industrialized Countries
Success Stories: Early Nordic Growth, Parity, and Imbalanced Cabinets
Backlash: Harassment, Violence, and the Murder of Jo Cox
Women in the European Union
Middle of the Pack: The United States
Women in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives: Growing Slowly
Women in the States
Women in the State Legislature
Women Governors
Women and the American Presidency
I Just Don't Think She has a Presidential Look
Explanations-Culture
Explanations-Structure (Eligibility)
Explanations-Politics
Gender Gaps in American Politics
Party Affiliation
Voter Turnout
Campaign Activities

11. Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The Fall of the Soviet Union: Women Fall Too
Variation in Recovery
Explaining Women's Political Power Since 1990
Eastern and Central Europe and the European Union
Populism and the Far-Right Bring Backslides

12. Latin America and the Caribbean
Legacies of Culture in Latin America
Democratization and Women's Political Empowerment
Women's Participation in Guerrilla Warfare and Revolutionary Movements
Women's Participation in Protest Movements
Women's Current Activism
Participation to Representation?
Gender Quotas
Setbacks and Challenges for Women in Politics

13. Middle East and North Africa
An Overview and Brief History of the Region
What Explains Women's Underrepresentation?
Changes Come to Women of the Gulf Region
Wins for Women in Bahrain
Women's Rights Stall in Kuwait
Forces for Change in the Region
Gender Quotas: A Look at Early Adopters
Raising Awareness about Women's Political Underrepresentation in Turkey
Women and the Arab Spring
After the Arab Spring

14. Asia and the Pacific
Cultural Obstacles
Confucianism
Honor Culture
Women Voters (Not) Supporting Women
Structural Obstacles
Industrialization and Work
Violence Against Women
Family Ties
Clientelism and Corruption
Political Obstacles
Local Gender Quotas in India: Women in the Panchayat Raj
Women in Afghanistan

15. Sub-Saharan Africa
Colonialism
One-Party Rule, Democracy, and Democratization
Women, Ethnicity, and Ethnic Politics
Gender and Ethnic Quotas in Burundi
Increasing the Supply of Women Candidates
Changing Culture
Changing Politics
Continuing Challenges

16. Where Do We Go From Here? And How Do We Get There?
Where Are We Now?
Where Are We Going?
How Do We Get There?
Furthering Women's Position in the Social Structure
Influencing Culture
Disrupting Politics as Usual
In Conclusion: What Would a 50/50 World Look Like?

Glossary
References
Index