The Authors

The Editors

Sharon L. Crowell-Davis, DVM, PhD, DACVB, is a Professor of Behavioral Medicine in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA.

Thomas F. Murray, PhD, is a Professor of Pharmacology and Provost of Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, USA.

Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVB is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Behavioral Medicine at the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital and the Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA. She is also the Director and Co-founder of ZooPsych, Inc., a consultancy in Clinical Behavioral Medicine & Therapy in Georgia, USA.

Contributors xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv Part I Principles of Veterinary Psychopharmacology 1 1 General Principles of Psychopharmacology 3Thomas F. Murray Drug Action 3 Dose Dependence of Drug Interaction with Receptors 4 Structural Features of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Neurotransmission 5 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters and Affective Disorders 8 2 Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Glutamate, GABA, and the Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines 11Thomas F. Murray Introduction 11 Glutamatergic Synapses 11 Pharmacology of Ketamine and Tiletamine 14 GABAergic Synapses 15 3 Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters: Serotonin 21Thomas F. Murray Introduction 21 The Biogenic Amines 21 Serotonin 22 4 Biogenic Amine Transmitters: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine 29Thomas F. Murray Acetylcholine 29 Norepinephrine 32 Dopamine 37 5 Neuropeptides: Opioids and Oxytocin 43Thomas F. Murray Introduction 43 Endogenous Opioid Peptides 43 Oxytocin 47 Part II Practice of Veterinary Psychopharmacology 51 6 Introduction to Clinical Psychopharmacology for Veterinary Medicine 53Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas Introduction 53 Prescribing in the United States: The Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA 1994) 54 Cost 55 Drug Selection 56 Medicating the Patient 57 Competition Animals 58 Taking the Behavioral History 58 The Behavioral Exam 63 Duration of Treatment 63 Limitations 64 7 Benzodiazepines 67Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell-Davis Action 67 Overview of Indications 67 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 69 Overdose 69 Clinical Guidelines 69 Specific Medications 71 I. Alprazolam 71 II. Chlordiazepoxide HC1 73 IV. Clorazepate Dipotassium 78 V. Diazepam 80 VI. Flurazepam Hydrochloride 86 VII. Lorazepam 87 VIII. Oxazepam 89 IX. Triazolam 91 8 Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors 103Niwako Ogata, Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas, and Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Action 103 Overview of Indications 103 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 104 Adverse Drug Interactions 104 Overdose 105 Clinical Guidelines 105 Specific Medications 106 I. Citalopram Hydrobromide 106 II. Fluoxetine Hydrochloride 108 III. Fluvoxamine 115 IV. Paroxetine Hydrochloride 117 V. Sertraline Hydrochloride 119 VI. Escitalopram Oxalate 122 9 Miscellaneous Serotonergic Agents 129Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Introduction 129 Azapirones 129 Action 129 Overview of Indications 129 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 129 Adverse Drug Interactions 129 Overdose 129 Clinical Guidelines 129 Specific Medications 130 I. Buspirone 130 I. Trazodone Hydrochloride 135 10 Anticonvulsants and Mood Stabilizers 147Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis, Mami Irimajiri, and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas Action 147 Overview of Indications 148 Clinical Guidelines 148 Specific Medications 148 I. Carbamazepine 148 II. Gabapentin 149 III. Pregabalin 152 11 Sympatholytic Agents 157Niwako Ogata and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas Action 157 Overview of Indications 157 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 158 Overdose 159 Clinical Guidelines 159 Specific Medications 160 I. Clonidine 160 II. Detomidine 161 III. Dexmedetomidine 163 IV. Propranolol 165 12 N¿Methyl¿D¿Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Antagonists 171Niwako Ogata and Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas Action 171 Overview of Indications 172 Contraindications/ Side Effects, and Adverse Events 172 Clinical Guidelines 173 Specific Medications 173 I. Dextromethorphan 173 II. Amantadine 175 III. Memantine 176 IV. Huperzine A 179 13 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 185Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Action 185 Overview of Indications 186 Specific Medications 186 I. Selegiline Hydrochloride 186 14 Antipsychotics 201Lynne Seibert and Sharon Crowell¿Davis Introduction 201 Action 201 Overview of Indications 202 General Pharmacokinetics 203 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 203 Overdose 203 Clinical Guidelines 204 Specific Medications 204 I. Acepromazine Maleate 204 II. Azaperone 206 III. Chlorpromazine 206 IV. Clozapine 207 V. Fluphenazine 208 VI. Haloperidol 209 VII. Pimozide 210 VIII. Promazine 211 IX. Sulpiride 211 X. Thioridazine 212 15 CNS Stimulants 217Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Action 217 Overview of Indications 217 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 217 Adverse Drug Interactions 217 Overdose 217 Clinical Guidelines 218 Specific Medications 219 I. Amphetamine 219 II. Atomoxetine HCl 221 III. Methylphenidate Hydrochloride 223 16 Tricyclic Antidepressants 231Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Action 231 Overview of Indications 231 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 232 Adverse Drug Interactions 232 Overdose 232 Discontinuation 233 Clinical Guidelines 233 Specific Medications 233 I. Amitriptyline 233 II. Clomipramine Hydrochloride 236 III. Desipramine 243 IV. Doxepin 244 V. Imipramine 246 VI. Nortriptyline 248 17 Opioids and Opioid Antagonists 257Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas and Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Action 257 Overview of Indications 257 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 258 Clinical Guidelines 258 Specific Medications 258 I. Nalmefene 258 II. Naloxone HCl 260 III. Naltrexone Hydrochloride 261 IV. Pentazocine 264 18 Hormones 269Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis Introduction 269 Oxytocin 270 Clinical Pharmacology 270 Indications 270 Side Effects 270 Doses in Nonhuman Animals 270 Effects Documented in Nonhuman Animals 270 Progestins 270 Action 270 Overview of Indications 271 Contraindications, Side Effects, and Adverse Events 271 Overdose 271 Clinical Guidelines 272 Specific Medications 272 I. Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) 272 II. Megestrol Acetate 273 19 Combinations 281Leticia Mattos de Souza Dantas, Sharon L. Crowell¿Davis, and Niwako Ogata Introduction 281 Overview of Drug Augmentation 281 Potentially Beneficial Combinations 282 Adverse Interactions and Contraindications 283 Changing and Weaning Patients off Medications 285 Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 285 Interactions That Can Affect Dosing 285 Algorithms: Possible Future Direction 286 Conclusion 288 Index 291