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Veterinary Echocardiography
Buch von June A. Boon
Sprache: Englisch

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Beschreibung
Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book provides detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology, including better transducers, tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all levels of experience.

The book has been restructured in this second edition to be more user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. In addition to updating the content throughout to reflect changes in the field, key changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.

Key features

  • Fully revised edition of the classic text in veterinary echocardiography, now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology
  • Covers the technical aspects of obtaining two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations in both small and large domestic species, with accompanying pictures to demonstrate these techniques
  • Includes coverage of echocardiographic examination assessment, echocardiographic features of common cardiac diseases including; acquired valvular diseases, features of systemic and pulmonary hypertension, myopathies, pericardial effusion and cardiac masses, congenital shunts, and stenotic lesions
  • Key points in the text regarding technique and diagnostic criteria are drawn out in text boxes and tables for easy and quick reference.
  • Offers detailed guidelines for using and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms
  • Provides a comprehensive reference and instruction manual for echocardiographers of all experience levels
Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition is a fully revised version of the classic reference for ultrasound of the heart, covering two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations for both small and large animal domestic species. Written by a leading authority in veterinary echocardiography, the book provides detailed guidelines for obtaining and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms in domestic species. Now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology, including better transducers, tissue harmonic imaging, better color flow mapping, and color and spectral tissue Doppler imaging, this second edition provides an authoritative, comprehensive resource for echocardiographers of all levels of experience.

The book has been restructured in this second edition to be more user-friendly, with chapters on acquired and congenital heart diseases broken down into shorter disease-specific chapters. In addition to updating the content throughout to reflect changes in the field, key changes include the addition of normal tissue Doppler technique, as well as five new appendices, covering topics such as normal reference ranges and an exam checklist. Veterinary Echocardiography, Second Edition builds on the success of the previous edition to provide complete information on obtaining echocardiograms in veterinary medicine.

Key features

  • Fully revised edition of the classic text in veterinary echocardiography, now thoroughly updated to address advances in technology
  • Covers the technical aspects of obtaining two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler examinations in both small and large domestic species, with accompanying pictures to demonstrate these techniques
  • Includes coverage of echocardiographic examination assessment, echocardiographic features of common cardiac diseases including; acquired valvular diseases, features of systemic and pulmonary hypertension, myopathies, pericardial effusion and cardiac masses, congenital shunts, and stenotic lesions
  • Key points in the text regarding technique and diagnostic criteria are drawn out in text boxes and tables for easy and quick reference.
  • Offers detailed guidelines for using and interpreting diagnostic echocardiograms
  • Provides a comprehensive reference and instruction manual for echocardiographers of all experience levels
Über den Autor
June A. Boon, MS, is an Echocardiographer at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Chapter 1 the Physics of Ultrasound 3

Basic Physics 3

Cycles and Wavelengths 3

Frequency 5

Speed of Sound 5

Acoustic Impedance 6

Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering 7

Attenuation 8

Tissue Harmonic Imaging 9

Transducers and Resolution 9

Pulse Repetition Frequency 9

Sound Beams 11

Axial Resolution 12

Lateral Resolution 12

Temporal Resolution 14

Doppler Physics 14

The Doppler Shift 15

The Doppler Tracing 15

Pulsed-Wave Doppler 16

Continuous-Wave Doppler 17

The Doppler Equation 18

Angle of Interrogation 19

Effect of Transducer Frequency 20

Effect of Sampling (Gate) Depth 21

Blood Flow 22

Color-Flow Doppler 23

Tissue Doppler Imaging 26

Artifacts 29

Patient Movement and Breathing Artifacts 30

Side Lobe Artifact 30

Reverberation Artifact/Mirror Image Artifact 31

Summary 33

Recommended Reading 35

Chapter 2 the Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Exam 37

Introduction 37

Patient Preparation 37

Patient Positioning 37

Small Animal Positioning 37

Large Animal Positioning 39

Transducer Selection 40

Two-dimensional Images 40

Introduction 40

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Images 46

Left Ventricular Outflow View (Inflow-Outflow View) 46

The Image 46

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 49

Scanning Technique: Horse 54

Four-Chamber View 58

The Image 58

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 58

Scanning Technique: Equine 58

Right Parasternal Short-Axis Images 58

Introduction 58

Left Ventricle with Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendinae View 63

The Image 63

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 65

Scanning Technique: Equine 66

Mitral Valve View 66

The Image 66

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 66

Scanning Technique: Equine 67

Heart Base: Aorta and Left Atrium View 67

The Image 67

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 69

Heart Base: Pulmonary Artery View 69

The Image 69

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 71

Left Ventricle with Pulmonary Artery View 71

The Image 71

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 71

Left Parasternal Apical Images 72

Introduction 72

Apical Five-Chamber View 72

The Image 72

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Scanning Technique: Equine 75

Apical Four-Chamber View 75

The Image 75

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Left Parasternal Cranial Long-Axis Images 80

Introduction 80

Left Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 80

Left Cranial Right Atrium and Auricle View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 81

Left Cranial Right Ventricular Outflow View 82

The Image 82

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 83

Left Cranial Four-Chamber View: Equine 85

The Image 85

Scanning Technique: Equine 86

Left Cranial Five-Chamber View (Large Animal) 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Equine 87

Left Parasternal Short-Axis Images 87

Introduction 87

Left Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 89

Scanning Technique: Equine 90

Left Cranial Left Auricle View: Small Animal 90

The Image 90

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 90

Left Cranial Transverse Left Ventricle View: Equine 91

The Image 91

Scanning Technique: Equine 92

Subcostal Image 92

Subcostal Five-Chamber View: Small Animal 92

The Image 92

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 92

Two-dimensional Imaging Controls 93

Introduction 93

Depth 93

Gain 93

Time Gain Compensation 93

Compress/Dynamic Range 96

Persistence/Frame Averaging 96

Sector Width 96

Focus 97

Harmonics 97

Gray Map 98

References 98

Chapter 3 the M-mode and Doppler Examination 101

Introduction 101

M-mode Echocardiography 101

Introduction 101

Controls 101

Cursor 105

Sweep Speed 105

M-Mode Images and Technique 105

Left Ventricle 105

Mitral Valve 108

Aortic Root 110

Mitral Annular Motion 112

Color-flow Doppler 112

Introduction 112

Controls 112

Gain 113

Color Sector Width and Height 113

Color Map 113

Threshold or Tissue Priority 114

Color-Flow Processing 114

Baseline 115

Persistence or Frame Averaging 115

Normal Color-Flow Images 116

Introduction 116

Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve Flow 118

Aortic Flow 118

Pulmonary Artery Flow 118

Spectral Doppler 118

Introduction 118

Controls 120

Cursor 120

Gate 120

Gate Size 120

Angle Correction 120

Baseline 120

Scale 124

Doppler Gain 124

Wall Filters 128

Sweep Speed 128

Normal Doppler Flow Profiles and Technique 128

Introduction 128

Aortic Flow 130

Imaging Plane Used 130

Flow Appearance 132

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Flow 132

Imaging Plane Used 132

Flow Appearance 132

Pulmonary Artery Flow 132

Imaging Plane Used 132

Flow Appearance 135

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Flow 135

Imaging Plane Used 135

Flow Appearance 135

Transmitral Flow 135

Imaging Plane Used 135

Flow Appearance 138

Trans Tricuspid Flow 139

Imaging Plane Used 139

Flow Appearance 142

Pulmonary Vein Flow 142

Imaging Plane Used 142

Flow Appearance 144

Isovolumic Relaxation Time 144

Imaging Plane Used 144

Flow Appearance 144

Left Auricular Flow 145

Imaging Plane Used 145

Flow Appearance 145

Tissue Doppler Imaging 146

Introduction 146

Imaging Plane Used 148

Spectral Appearance 149

References 149

Chapter 4 Evaluation of Size, Function, and Hemodynamics 153

Measurement and Assessment of Two-dimensional Images 153

Subjective Impression of Size 153

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Left Ventricular Outflow View 153

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Four-Chamber View 158

Right Parasternal Transverse Left Ventricle 159

Right Parasternal Transverse Heart Base 160

Quantitative Measurement of Size 162

Left Ventricular Chamber, Wall, and Septum 163

Left Ventricular Mass 164

Aorta and Left Atrium 168

Right Ventricular Chamber 170

Evaluation of Quantitative Measurements 171

Dogs 171

Cats 171

Horses 172

Measurement and Assessment of M-mode Images 172

Measurement Guidelines for M-Mode Images 172

Left Ventricle 173

Measurement 173

Measuring Pitfalls 177

Assessment 181

Mitral Valve 182

Measurement 182

Assessment 182

Left Atrium and Aorta 183

Measurement 183

Assessment 184

Ratio Indices 185

Measurement and Assessment of Spectral Doppler Flow 186

Measurement 186

Peak and Mean Velocity 186

Flow Velocity Integral 186

Systolic Time Intervals 186

Diastolic Time Intervals 187

Evaluation 187

Aortic Flow 188

Pulmonary Artery Flow 188

Systolic Time Intervals 190

Mitral Valve Flow 190

Tricuspid Valve Flow 192

Pulmonary Vein Flow 192

Left Auricle Flow 193

Measurement and Assessment of Tissue Doppler Imaging 193

Measurement 193

Assessment 193

Evaluation of Color-flow Doppler 196

Normal Regurgitant Flows 196

Evaluation of Ventricular Function 198

Systolic Function 198

Left Ventricular Function 198

Right Ventricular Function 201

M-mode Evaluation of Systolic Function 201

Fractional Shortening-Left Ventricle 201

Volume, Ejection Fraction, and Cardiac Output 202

Left Ventricle 202

Right Ventricle 204

Systolic Time Intervals 204

Mitral and Tricuspid Annular Motion 205

Two-Dimensional Measurement of Systolic Function 206

Volume, Ejection Fraction, and Cardiac Output 206

Spectral Doppler Evaluation of Systolic Function 210

Volumetric Flow 210

Systolic Time Intervals 213

Myocardial Performance Index 213

Tissue Doppler Evaluation of Systolic Function 216

Left Ventricle 216

Right Ventricle 217

Evaluation of Diastolic Function 217

Impaired Relaxation 219

Decreased Compliance 220

Elevated Left Atrial Pressure 220

Pseudonormalization 223

Grading of Diastolic Function 224

Hemodynamic Information Obtained From Echocardiographic Exams 225

Doppler Hemodynamic Information 225

Pressure Gradients 226

Systolic Left Ventricular and Systemic Pressures 229

Systolic Right Ventricular and Pulmonary Pressures 230

Diastolic Systemic Pressure 231

Diastolic Pulmonary Pressure 232

Regurgitant Fraction 232

Shunt Ratios 234

Pressure Half-Time 234

Aortic Regurgitation 234

Mitral and Tricuspid Stenosis 236

M-Mode Hemodynamic Information 236

Aortic Valve Motion 236

Mitral Valve Motion 237

Left Ventricular Wall 239

Interventricular Septum 239

References 247

Exercises 256

Chapter 5 Acquired...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2010
Fachbereich: Tiermedizin
Genre: Importe, Medizin
Rubrik: Wissenschaften
Medium: Buch
Inhalt: 640 S.
ISBN-13: 9780813823850
ISBN-10: 0813823854
Sprache: Englisch
Herstellernummer: 1A813823850
Einband: Gebunden
Autor: Boon, June A.
Hersteller: John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, amartine@wiley-vch.de
Maße: 284 x 228 x 34 mm
Von/Mit: June A. Boon
Erscheinungsdatum: 20.12.2010
Gewicht: 2,02 kg
Artikel-ID: 107270676
Über den Autor
June A. Boon, MS, is an Echocardiographer at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

Chapter 1 the Physics of Ultrasound 3

Basic Physics 3

Cycles and Wavelengths 3

Frequency 5

Speed of Sound 5

Acoustic Impedance 6

Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering 7

Attenuation 8

Tissue Harmonic Imaging 9

Transducers and Resolution 9

Pulse Repetition Frequency 9

Sound Beams 11

Axial Resolution 12

Lateral Resolution 12

Temporal Resolution 14

Doppler Physics 14

The Doppler Shift 15

The Doppler Tracing 15

Pulsed-Wave Doppler 16

Continuous-Wave Doppler 17

The Doppler Equation 18

Angle of Interrogation 19

Effect of Transducer Frequency 20

Effect of Sampling (Gate) Depth 21

Blood Flow 22

Color-Flow Doppler 23

Tissue Doppler Imaging 26

Artifacts 29

Patient Movement and Breathing Artifacts 30

Side Lobe Artifact 30

Reverberation Artifact/Mirror Image Artifact 31

Summary 33

Recommended Reading 35

Chapter 2 the Two-dimensional Echocardiographic Exam 37

Introduction 37

Patient Preparation 37

Patient Positioning 37

Small Animal Positioning 37

Large Animal Positioning 39

Transducer Selection 40

Two-dimensional Images 40

Introduction 40

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Images 46

Left Ventricular Outflow View (Inflow-Outflow View) 46

The Image 46

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 49

Scanning Technique: Horse 54

Four-Chamber View 58

The Image 58

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 58

Scanning Technique: Equine 58

Right Parasternal Short-Axis Images 58

Introduction 58

Left Ventricle with Papillary Muscles and Chordae Tendinae View 63

The Image 63

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 65

Scanning Technique: Equine 66

Mitral Valve View 66

The Image 66

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 66

Scanning Technique: Equine 67

Heart Base: Aorta and Left Atrium View 67

The Image 67

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 69

Heart Base: Pulmonary Artery View 69

The Image 69

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 69

Scanning Technique: Equine 71

Left Ventricle with Pulmonary Artery View 71

The Image 71

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 71

Left Parasternal Apical Images 72

Introduction 72

Apical Five-Chamber View 72

The Image 72

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Scanning Technique: Equine 75

Apical Four-Chamber View 75

The Image 75

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 75

Left Parasternal Cranial Long-Axis Images 80

Introduction 80

Left Cranial Left Ventricular Outflow View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 80

Left Cranial Right Atrium and Auricle View 80

The Image 80

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 81

Left Cranial Right Ventricular Outflow View 82

The Image 82

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 83

Left Cranial Four-Chamber View: Equine 85

The Image 85

Scanning Technique: Equine 86

Left Cranial Five-Chamber View (Large Animal) 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Equine 87

Left Parasternal Short-Axis Images 87

Introduction 87

Left Cranial Transverse Heart Base View 87

The Image 87

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 89

Scanning Technique: Equine 90

Left Cranial Left Auricle View: Small Animal 90

The Image 90

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 90

Left Cranial Transverse Left Ventricle View: Equine 91

The Image 91

Scanning Technique: Equine 92

Subcostal Image 92

Subcostal Five-Chamber View: Small Animal 92

The Image 92

Scanning Technique: Small Animal 92

Two-dimensional Imaging Controls 93

Introduction 93

Depth 93

Gain 93

Time Gain Compensation 93

Compress/Dynamic Range 96

Persistence/Frame Averaging 96

Sector Width 96

Focus 97

Harmonics 97

Gray Map 98

References 98

Chapter 3 the M-mode and Doppler Examination 101

Introduction 101

M-mode Echocardiography 101

Introduction 101

Controls 101

Cursor 105

Sweep Speed 105

M-Mode Images and Technique 105

Left Ventricle 105

Mitral Valve 108

Aortic Root 110

Mitral Annular Motion 112

Color-flow Doppler 112

Introduction 112

Controls 112

Gain 113

Color Sector Width and Height 113

Color Map 113

Threshold or Tissue Priority 114

Color-Flow Processing 114

Baseline 115

Persistence or Frame Averaging 115

Normal Color-Flow Images 116

Introduction 116

Mitral Valve and Tricuspid Valve Flow 118

Aortic Flow 118

Pulmonary Artery Flow 118

Spectral Doppler 118

Introduction 118

Controls 120

Cursor 120

Gate 120

Gate Size 120

Angle Correction 120

Baseline 120

Scale 124

Doppler Gain 124

Wall Filters 128

Sweep Speed 128

Normal Doppler Flow Profiles and Technique 128

Introduction 128

Aortic Flow 130

Imaging Plane Used 130

Flow Appearance 132

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Flow 132

Imaging Plane Used 132

Flow Appearance 132

Pulmonary Artery Flow 132

Imaging Plane Used 132

Flow Appearance 135

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Flow 135

Imaging Plane Used 135

Flow Appearance 135

Transmitral Flow 135

Imaging Plane Used 135

Flow Appearance 138

Trans Tricuspid Flow 139

Imaging Plane Used 139

Flow Appearance 142

Pulmonary Vein Flow 142

Imaging Plane Used 142

Flow Appearance 144

Isovolumic Relaxation Time 144

Imaging Plane Used 144

Flow Appearance 144

Left Auricular Flow 145

Imaging Plane Used 145

Flow Appearance 145

Tissue Doppler Imaging 146

Introduction 146

Imaging Plane Used 148

Spectral Appearance 149

References 149

Chapter 4 Evaluation of Size, Function, and Hemodynamics 153

Measurement and Assessment of Two-dimensional Images 153

Subjective Impression of Size 153

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Left Ventricular Outflow View 153

Right Parasternal Long-Axis Four-Chamber View 158

Right Parasternal Transverse Left Ventricle 159

Right Parasternal Transverse Heart Base 160

Quantitative Measurement of Size 162

Left Ventricular Chamber, Wall, and Septum 163

Left Ventricular Mass 164

Aorta and Left Atrium 168

Right Ventricular Chamber 170

Evaluation of Quantitative Measurements 171

Dogs 171

Cats 171

Horses 172

Measurement and Assessment of M-mode Images 172

Measurement Guidelines for M-Mode Images 172

Left Ventricle 173

Measurement 173

Measuring Pitfalls 177

Assessment 181

Mitral Valve 182

Measurement 182

Assessment 182

Left Atrium and Aorta 183

Measurement 183

Assessment 184

Ratio Indices 185

Measurement and Assessment of Spectral Doppler Flow 186

Measurement 186

Peak and Mean Velocity 186

Flow Velocity Integral 186

Systolic Time Intervals 186

Diastolic Time Intervals 187

Evaluation 187

Aortic Flow 188

Pulmonary Artery Flow 188

Systolic Time Intervals 190

Mitral Valve Flow 190

Tricuspid Valve Flow 192

Pulmonary Vein Flow 192

Left Auricle Flow 193

Measurement and Assessment of Tissue Doppler Imaging 193

Measurement 193

Assessment 193

Evaluation of Color-flow Doppler 196

Normal Regurgitant Flows 196

Evaluation of Ventricular Function 198

Systolic Function 198

Left Ventricular Function 198

Right Ventricular Function 201

M-mode Evaluation of Systolic Function 201

Fractional Shortening-Left Ventricle 201

Volume, Ejection Fraction, and Cardiac Output 202

Left Ventricle 202

Right Ventricle 204

Systolic Time Intervals 204

Mitral and Tricuspid Annular Motion 205

Two-Dimensional Measurement of Systolic Function 206

Volume, Ejection Fraction, and Cardiac Output 206

Spectral Doppler Evaluation of Systolic Function 210

Volumetric Flow 210

Systolic Time Intervals 213

Myocardial Performance Index 213

Tissue Doppler Evaluation of Systolic Function 216

Left Ventricle 216

Right Ventricle 217

Evaluation of Diastolic Function 217

Impaired Relaxation 219

Decreased Compliance 220

Elevated Left Atrial Pressure 220

Pseudonormalization 223

Grading of Diastolic Function 224

Hemodynamic Information Obtained From Echocardiographic Exams 225

Doppler Hemodynamic Information 225

Pressure Gradients 226

Systolic Left Ventricular and Systemic Pressures 229

Systolic Right Ventricular and Pulmonary Pressures 230

Diastolic Systemic Pressure 231

Diastolic Pulmonary Pressure 232

Regurgitant Fraction 232

Shunt Ratios 234

Pressure Half-Time 234

Aortic Regurgitation 234

Mitral and Tricuspid Stenosis 236

M-Mode Hemodynamic Information 236

Aortic Valve Motion 236

Mitral Valve Motion 237

Left Ventricular Wall 239

Interventricular Septum 239

References 247

Exercises 256

Chapter 5 Acquired...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2010
Fachbereich: Tiermedizin
Genre: Importe, Medizin
Rubrik: Wissenschaften
Medium: Buch
Inhalt: 640 S.
ISBN-13: 9780813823850
ISBN-10: 0813823854
Sprache: Englisch
Herstellernummer: 1A813823850
Einband: Gebunden
Autor: Boon, June A.
Hersteller: John Wiley & Sons
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, amartine@wiley-vch.de
Maße: 284 x 228 x 34 mm
Von/Mit: June A. Boon
Erscheinungsdatum: 20.12.2010
Gewicht: 2,02 kg
Artikel-ID: 107270676
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