Marianna Bolognesi is Associate Professor at the University of Bologna, Italy, and past Research Associate for the Creative Multilingualism project in the Department of Medieval and Modern Languages at the University of Oxford, UK.

Ana Werkmann Horvat is an Assistant Professor at the University of Osijek, Croatia, and past Research Associate for the Creative Multilingualism project in the Department of Medieval and Modern Languages at the University of Oxford, UK.

Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I - Metaphor and Linguistic Diversity

Chapter 1: Metaphoric expressions around the world: Variability and motivations

1.1 Key aspects and open questions: types of metaphoric expressions

1.2. Research directions: The motivations for metaphor variability

1.3 Metaphor variability applied: The interesting case of emotion-color associations

1.4 Summary

1.5 Activities

Chapter 2: Conceptual metaphors around the world: Variability and motivations

2.1. Key aspects and open questions: The universality of metaphor

2.2 Research directions: How language drives thought

2.3. Metaphor variability applied: Building cross-linguistic repositories

2.4 Summary

2.5 Activities

PART II - Metaphor and Cognition

Chapter 3: Meaning variability: Literal and metaphorical meanings

3.1 Key aspects and open questions: On the status of literal vs. metaphorical meaning

3.2 Research directions: Processing literal vs. metaphorical meaning

3.3 Metaphor processing applied: Understanding literal vs. metaphorical meaning

3.4 Summary

3.5 Activities

Chapter 4: Speakers' variability: First- vs. second-language speakers processing metaphors

4.1 Key aspects and open questions: Metaphorical competence in L1 and L2/LS

4.2 Research directions: From the classroom to the lab

4.3 Metaphor processing applied: L2 vs. L1 speakers use of conventional metaphors

4.4 Summary

4.5 Activities

PART III - Metaphor and Communication

Chapter 5: Metaphor variability in monomodal and multimodal communication

5.1 Key aspects and open questions: Genres and modes of metaphor expression

5.2 Research directions: The interpretation of metaphors expressed beyond language

5.3 Metaphor variability across modes applied: Tools for metaphor identification and analysis in still and moving images

5.4 Summary

5.5 Activities

Chapter 6: Metaphor in verbal vs. visual communication

6.1 Key aspects and open questions: Metaphoric pictorial expressions and conceptual metaphors

6.2 Research directions: On the role of iconicity in constructing metaphors in different semiotic systems

6.3 Metaphor variability across modes applied: on the deliberateness of metaphors expressed beyond language

6.4 Summary

6.5 Activities

PART IV - Metaphor and Creativity

Chapter 7: Creativity and metaphorical thinking and talking

7.1 Key aspects and open questions: Creative thinking

7.2 Research directions: Linguistic creativity and metaphor

7.3 Variability in creative metaphor applied: mixing idiomatic expressions and novel idioms

7.4 Summary

7.5 Activities

Chapter 8: Different ways to be creative with metaphors in language

8.1 Key aspects and open questions: Degrees of creativity

8.2 Research directions: The effect of creative metaphor

8.3 Variability in creative metaphor applied: how different groups of speakers comprehend different types of creative metaphoric expressions

8.4 Summary

8.5 Activities

Conclusion