ELAINE R. S. HODGES worked as a scientific illustrator in the Department of Entomology at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. After entering the field of scientific illustration at the Smithsonian in 1965, she helped found the Guild of Natural Science Illustrators, serving as its first newsletter editor and later as vice president and president. She has also lectured, taught, and written extensively in the field.

Authors and Editors vii

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction xi

Part I Basics 1

1 Generalized Steps 3

2 Studio Basics 23

3 Archival Considerations 58

4 Light on Form 89

Part II Rendering Techniques 111

5 Line and Ink 113

6 Pencil 133

7 Carbon Dust 151

8 Watercolor and Wash 161

9 Gouache and Acrylics 178

10 Airbrush 189

11 Murals and Dioramas 198

12 Model Building 205

13 Introduction to Computer Graphics 218

14 From 2D to 3D 247

Part III Subject Matter 263

15 Illustrating Molecules 267

16 Illustrating Earth Sciences 271

17 Illustrating Astronomy 282

18 Illustrating Plants 295

19 Illustrating Fossils 317

20 Illustrating Invertebrates 343

21 Illustrating Fishes 365

22 Illustrating Amphibians and Reptiles 385

23 Illustrating Birds 401

24 Illustrating Mammals 423

25 Illustrating Animals in Their Habitats 443

26 Illustrating Humans and Their Artifacts 461

27 Illustrating Medical Subjects 484

Part IV Beyond Basics 499

28 Using the Microscope 501

29 Charts and Diagrams 517

30 Cartography for the Scientific Illustrator 528

31 Copy Photography 551

32 The Printing Process 563

Part V The Business of Scientific Illustration 581

33 Copyright 583

34 Contracts 589

35 Operating a Freelance Business 595

Index to Illustrators 609

Index 611

About the Editors 626