Introduction Anne Kelk Mager, Bill Nasson and Robert Ross; 1. South Africa and South Africans: nationality, belonging, citizenship Saul Dubow; 2. Imperialism, settler identities, and colonial capitalism: the hundred year origins of the 1899 South African War Stanley Trapido; 3. Class, culture, and consciousness in South Africa, 1880-1899 Shula Marks; 4. War and union, 1899-1910 Shula Marks; 5. The union years, 1910-1948: political and economic foundations Bill Freund; 6. South African society and culture, 1910-1948 Philip Bonner; 7. The apartheid project, 1948-1970 Deborah Posel; 8. Popular responses to apartheid, 1948-c.1975 Anne Kelk Mager and Maanda Mulaudzi; 9. Resistance and reform, 1973-1994 Tom Lodge; 10. The evolution of the South African population in the twentieth century Charles Simkins; 11. The economy and poverty in the twentieth century Nicoli Nattrass and Jeremy Seekings; 12. Modernity, culture, and nation Tlhalo Sam Raditlhalo; 13. Environment, heritage, resistance, and health: newer historiographical directions Albert Grundlingh, Howard Philips, Christopher Saunders and Sandra Swart.