Preface xiii

Notes on the book's structure and layout xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

SECTION 1-FUNDAMENTALS

1. An example test series 1

The first cycle of testing 1

The second cycle of testing 11

What will happen in later cycles of testing 16

2. The objectives and limits of testing 17

You can't test a program completely 17

The tester's objective: Program verification? 23

So, why test? 25

3. Test types and their place in the software development process 27

Overview of the software development stages 30

Planning stages 32

Testing during the planning stages 33

Design stages 35

Testing during the design stages 39

Glass box code testing is part of the coding stage 41

Regression testing 49

Black box testing 50

Maintenance 57

4. Software errors 59

Quality 59

What is a software error? 60

Categories of software errors 60

5. Reporting and analyzing bugs 65

Write Problem Reports immediately 66

Content of the Problem Report 66

Characteristics of the Problem Report 74

Analysis of a reproducible bug 76

Tactics for analyzing a reproducible bug 79

Making a bug reproducible 82

SECTION 2-SPECIFIC TESTING SKILLS

6. The problem tracking system 87

The prime objective of a problem tracking system 90

The tasks of the system 90

Problem tracking overview 90

The users of the tracking system 97

Mechanics of the database 106

Further thoughts on problem reporting 115

Glossary 121

7. Test case design 123

Characteristics of a good test 124

Equivalence classes and boundary values 125

Visible state transitions 132

Race conditions and other time dependencies 133

Load testing 134

Error guessing 135

Function equivalence testing: automation, sensitivity analysis & random input 135

Regression testing: checking whether a bug fix worked 139

Regression testing: the standard battery of tests 140

Executing the tests 141

8. Testing printers (and other devices) 143

Some general issues in configuration testing 144

Printer testing 146

9. Localization testing 169

Was the base code changed? 170

Work with someone fluent in the language 170

Is the text independent from the code? 171

Translated text expands 171

Character sets 171

Keyboards 172

Text filters 172

Loading, saving, importing, and exporting high and low ASCII 173

Operating system language 173

Hot keys 173

Garbled in translation 173

Error message identifiers 174

Hyphenation rules 174

Spelling rules 174

Sorting rules 174

Uppercase and lowercase conversion 174

Underscoring rules 174

Printers 175

Sizes of paper 175

CPU's and video 175

Rodents 175

Data formats and setup options 175

Rulers and measurements 176

Culture-bound graphics 176

Culture-bound output 176

European product compatibility 176

Memory availability 176

Do GUIs solve the problem? 177

Automated testing 177

10. Testing user manuals 179

Effective documentation 179

The documentation tester's objectives 180

How testing documentation contributes to software reliability 181

Become the technical editor 182

Working with the manual through its development stages 183

Online help 188

11. Testing tools 189

Fundamental tools 189

Automated acceptance and regression tests 191

Standards 197

Translucent-box testing 200

12. Test planning and test documentation 203

The overall objective of the test plan: product or tool? 204

Detailed objectives of test planning and documentation 205

What types of tests to cover in test planning documents 210

A strategy for developing components of test planning documents 213

Components of test planning documents 217

Documenting test materials 242

A closing thought 253

SECTION 3-MANAGING TESTING PROJECTS AND GROUPS

13. Tying it together 255

Software development tradeoffs 257

Software development models 258

Quality-related costs 264

The development time line 266

Product design 267

Fragments coded: first functionality 274

Almost alpha 275

Alpha 277

Pre-beta 286

Beta 286

User interface (UI) freeze 293

Pre-final 295

Final integrity testing 299

Release 301

Project post-mortems 301

14. Legal consequences of defective software 303

Breach of contract 305

Torts: lawsuits involving fault 317

Whistle blowing 340

15. Managing a testing group 343

Managing a testing group 344

The role of the testing group 345

A test group is not an unmixed blessing 349

An alternative? Independent test agencies 350

Scheduling tips 352

Your staff 359

Appendix: common software errors 363

User interface errors 375

Error handling 396

Boundary-related errors 399

Calculation errors 401

Initial and later states 403

Control flow' errors 406

Errors in handling or interpreting data 416

Race conditions 421

Load conditions 423

Hardware 427

Source, version, and ID control 430

Testing errors 432

References 437

Index 451

About the Authors 480