Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 - 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), wherein he characterizes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant, Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism.

Volume 2: Introduction; Supplements to the First Book; First half: the doctrine of intuitive representation; 1. On the fundamental view of idealism; 2. On the doctrine of intuitive cognition, or cognition based in the understanding; 3. Concerning the senses; 4. On cognition a priori; Second half: the doctrine of abstract representation, or thinking; 5. On the intellect in the absence of reason; 6. On the doctrine of abstract or rational cognition; 7. On the relation of intuitive to abstract cognition; 8. On the theory of the comical; 9. On logic in general; 10. On the study of syllogisms; 11. On rhetoric; 12. On the doctrine of science; 13. On the doctrine of method in mathematics; 14. On the association of ideas; 15. On the essential imperfections of the intellect; 16. On the practical use of reason and Stoicism; 17. On humanity's metaphysical need; Supplements to the Second Book; 18. On the possibility of cognizing the thing in itself; 19. On the primacy of the will in self-consciousness; 20. Objectivation of the will in the animal organism; 21. Review and more general considerations; 22. Objective view of the intellect; 23. On the objectivation of the will in nature devoid of cognition; 24. On matter; 25. Transcendent considerations concerning the will as thing in itself; 26. On teleology; 27. On instinct and creative drive; 28. Characterization of the will to life; Supplements to the Third Book; 29. On the cognition of the Ideas; 30. On the pure subject of cognition; 31. On genius; 32. On madness; 33. Isolated remarks concerning natural beauty; 34. On the inner essence of art; 35. On the aesthetics of architecture; 36. Isolated remarks on the aesthetics of the visual arts; 37. On the aesthetics of literature; 38. On history; 39. On the metaphysics of music; Supplements to the Fourth Book; 40. Preface; 41. On death and its relation to the indestructibility of our essence in itself; 42. Life of the species; 43. The heritability of traits; 44. Metaphysics of sexual love; 45. On the affirmation of the will to life; 46. On the nothingness and suffering of life; 47. On ethics; 48. On the doctrine of the negation of the will to life; 49. The way to salvation; 50. Epiphilosophy.