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With the growth in installed capacity of renewable energy (RE) generation, many countries such as the UK are relying on higher levels of RE generation to meet targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In the face of this, the integration issue is now of increasing concern, in particular to system operators.
This updated text describes the individual renewable technologies and their power generation characteristics alongside an expanded introduction to power systems and the challenges posed by high levels of penetrations from such technologies, together with an account of technologies and changes to system operation that can ease RE integration.
Features of this edition:
* Covers power conditioning, the characteristics of RE generators, with emphasis on their time varying nature, and the use of power electronics in interfacing RE sources to grids
* Outlines up to date RE integration issues such as power flow in networks supplied from a combination of conventional and renewable energy sources
* Updated coverage of the economics of power generation and the role of markets in delivering investment in sustainable solutions
* Considers the challenge of maintaining power balance in a system with increasing RE input, including recent moves toward power system frequency support from RE sources
* Offers an insightful perspective on the shape of future power systems including offshore networks and demand side management
* Includes worked examples that enhance this edition's suitability as a textbook for introductory courses in RE systems technology
Firmly established as an essential reference, the Second Edition of Renewable Energy in Power Systems will prove a real asset to engineers and others involved in both the traditional power and fast growing renewables sector. This text should also be of particular benefit to students of electrical power engineering and will additionally appeal to non-specialists through the inclusion of background material covering the basics of electricity generation.
With the growth in installed capacity of renewable energy (RE) generation, many countries such as the UK are relying on higher levels of RE generation to meet targets for reduced greenhouse gas emissions. In the face of this, the integration issue is now of increasing concern, in particular to system operators.
This updated text describes the individual renewable technologies and their power generation characteristics alongside an expanded introduction to power systems and the challenges posed by high levels of penetrations from such technologies, together with an account of technologies and changes to system operation that can ease RE integration.
Features of this edition:
* Covers power conditioning, the characteristics of RE generators, with emphasis on their time varying nature, and the use of power electronics in interfacing RE sources to grids
* Outlines up to date RE integration issues such as power flow in networks supplied from a combination of conventional and renewable energy sources
* Updated coverage of the economics of power generation and the role of markets in delivering investment in sustainable solutions
* Considers the challenge of maintaining power balance in a system with increasing RE input, including recent moves toward power system frequency support from RE sources
* Offers an insightful perspective on the shape of future power systems including offshore networks and demand side management
* Includes worked examples that enhance this edition's suitability as a textbook for introductory courses in RE systems technology
Firmly established as an essential reference, the Second Edition of Renewable Energy in Power Systems will prove a real asset to engineers and others involved in both the traditional power and fast growing renewables sector. This text should also be of particular benefit to students of electrical power engineering and will additionally appeal to non-specialists through the inclusion of background material covering the basics of electricity generation.
DAVID INFIELD, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
LEON FRERIS, Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
Foreword xv
Preface to the First Edition xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
About the Companion Website xxv
1 Energy and Electricity 1
1.1 The World Energy Scene 1
1.1.1 History 1
1.1.2 World Energy Consumption 1
1.1.3 Finite Resources 2
1.1.4 Energy Security and Disparity of Use 3
1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use 4
1.2.1 The Problem 4
1.2.2 The Science 5
1.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol 7
1.2.4 Economics of Mitigation 10
1.2.5 Efficient Energy Use 11
1.2.6 The Electricity Sector 14
1.2.7 Possible Solutions and Sustainability 15
1.3 Generating Electricity 16
1.3.1 Conversion from Other Energy Forms - The Importance of Efficiency 16
1.3.2 The Nuclear Path 17
1.3.3 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 17
1.3.4 Renewables 18
1.4 The Electrical Power System 20
1.4.1 Structure of the Electrical Power System 20
1.4.2 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems 23
1.4.3 Distributed Generation 23
1.4.4 Renewable Energy Penetration 24
1.4.5 Network Stability 25
References 25
2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear 28
2.3 Hydroelectric Power 29
2.3.1 Large-Scale Hydro 30
2.3.2 Small Hydro 31
2.3.2.1 Turbine Designs 32
2.4 Wind Power 33
2.4.1 The Resource 33
2.4.2 Wind Variability 34
2.4.3 Wind Turbines 37
2.4.4 Power Variability 40
2.4.4.1 Variability from Second to Second 40
2.4.4.2 Variability from Minute to Minute 41
2.4.4.3 Variability from Hour to Hour and from Day-to-Day 41
2.4.4.4 Seasonal Variability 42
2.4.5 Offshore Wind 42
2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity 47
2.5.1 The Resource 47
2.5.2 The Technology 49
2.5.3 Photovoltaic Systems 49
2.5.4 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 52
2.6 Tidal Power 54
2.6.1 The Resource 54
2.6.2 Tidal Enhancement 54
2.6.2.1 Funnelling 54
2.6.2.2 Resonance 55
2.6.2.3 Coriolis Effect 55
2.6.3 Tidal Barrages 55
2.6.4 Operational Strategies 55
2.6.4.1 Power Variability 56
2.6.5 Tidal Current Schemes 57
2.7 Wave Power 59
2.7.1 The Resource 59
2.7.2 The Technology 59
2.7.3 Variability 60
2.8 Biomass 62
2.8.1 The Resource 62
2.8.2 Resource Sustainability 62
2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics 63
2.10 Combining Sources 64
References 65
3 Power Balance/Frequency Control 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.1.1 The Power Balance Issue 67
3.2 Electricity Demand 68
3.2.1 Demand Curves 68
3.2.2 Load Aggregation 69
3.2.3 Demand-Side Management - Deferrable Loads 70
3.3 Power Governing 71
3.3.1 Power Conversion Chain 71
3.3.2 Governor Steady State Characteristics 72
3.3.3 Parallel Operation of Two Generators 73
3.3.4 A Multi-Generator System 74
3.3.5 The Steady State Power-Frequency Relationship 75
3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems 76
3.4.1 Demand Matching 76
3.4.2 Demand Forecasting 77
3.4.3 Frequency Limits 79
3.4.4 Generation Scheduling and Reserve 79
3.4.5 Frequency Control at Different Timescales 80
3.4.6 Meeting Demand and Ensuring Reliability 82
3.4.7 Capacity Factor and Capacity Credit 83
3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability 84
3.5.1 Introduction 84
3.5.2 Aggregation of Sources 85
3.5.2.1 The Monthly Distribution of Power Availability 85
3.5.2.2 The Daily Distribution of Power Availability 85
3.5.2.3 Short Term Variability 86
3.5.2.4 The Capacity Factor 86
3.5.3 Value of Energy from the Wind 88
3.5.4 Impact on Balancing 88
3.5.5 Impact on Reliability 90
3.5.6 Discarded/Curtailed Energy 91
3.5.7 Overall Penalties Due to Increasing Penetration 92
3.5.8 Combining Different Renewable Sources 92
3.5.9 Differences Between Electricity Systems 93
3.5.10 Limits of Penetration from Non-Dispatchable Sources 94
3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables 96
3.6.1.1 Wind Power 96
3.6.1.2 Biofuels 100
3.6.1.3 Waterpower 100
3.6.1.4 Photovoltaics 100
3.7 Frequency Control Modelling 101
3.7.1 Background 101
3.7.1.1 Modelling a Generator 101
3.7.1.2 Modelling Released Demand 102
3.7.1.3 Modelling the Grid's Inertial Energy Store 102
3.7.2 A Modelling Example 103
3.8 Energy Storage 105
3.8.1 Introduction 105
3.8.2 Storage Devices 106
3.8.3 Dynamic Demand Control 108
References 111
Further Reading 113
4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning 115
4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form 115
4.2 The Synchronous Generator 116
4.2.1 Construction and Mode of Operation 116
4.2.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 119
4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Operation When Grid Connected 120
4.2.4 The Synchronous Generator Equivalent Circuit 122
4.2.5 Power Transfer Equations 123
4.2.6 Three-Phase Equations 124
4.2.7 Four-Quadrant Operation 125
4.2.8 Power-Load Angle Characteristic 125
4.3 The Transformer 126
4.3.1 Transformer Basics 126
4.3.2 The Transformer Equivalent Circuit 128
4.3.3 Further Details on Transformers 129
4.4 The Asynchronous Generator 130
4.4.1 Construction and Properties 130
4.4.2 The Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit 132
4.4.3 The Induction Machine Efficiency 134
4.4.4 The Induction Machine Speed-Torque Characteristic 134
4.4.5 Induction Generator Reactive Power 137
4.4.6 Comparison Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Generators 137
4.5 Power Electronics 139
4.5.1 Introduction 139
4.5.2 Power-Semiconductor Devices 139
4.5.2.1 Diodes 139
4.5.2.2 Thyristors 139
4.5.2.3 Transistors 140
4.5.3 Diode Bridge Rectifier 141
4.5.4 Harmonics 142
4.5.5 The Thyristor Bridge Converter 143
4.5.6 The Transistor Bridge 145
4.5.6.1 Basic Square Wave 146
4.5.6.2 Quasi-Sine Wave (Modified Square Wave) 146
4.5.6.3 Pulse-Width Modulation 146
4.5.6.4 Comparison of Switching Methods 148
4.5.6.5 Output Control in a Grid-Connected Inverter 148
4.5.6.6 The Three-Phase Bridge 149
4.5.7 Converter Internal Control Systems 149
4.5.8 DC-DC Converters 150
4.5.8.1 Step-Down DC-DC Converter 150
4.5.8.2 Step-Up DC-DC Converter 150
4.5.9 Multi-Level Converters 151
4.5.10 Matrix Converters 151
4.5.11 Z-Source Converters 151
4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators 152
4.6.1 Applications to PV Systems 152
4.6.1.1 PV System Characteristics 152
4.6.1.2 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153
4.6.1.3 Transformerless Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153
4.6.1.4 PV Inverter Using a High-Frequency Transformer 154
4.6.1.5 PV Inverter Using a Steering Bridge 154
4.6.1.6 PV Inverters for Stand-Alone Operation 155
4.6.2 Applications to Wind Power 155
4.6.2.1 Fixed Versus Variable Speed - Energy Capture [4] 155
4.6.2.2 Fixed Versus Variable Speed - Dynamics 156
4.6.3 Synchronous Generator Supplying an Autonomous Network 157
4.6.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines 157
4.6.3.2 Variable Slip Wind Turbines 158
4.6.4 The Principle of Slip Energy Recovery 159
4.6.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbines 160
4.6.4.2 Wind Turbines with Full Converters 162
4.6.5 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines 162
4.6.6 Gearless Wind Turbines 163
4.6.7 Hybrid Drive Train Designs 164
4.6.8 DC Transmission for Wind 165
4.7 Applications to Small Scale Hydro 166
4.8 Applications to Tidal Stream Turbines 167
References 168
5 Power-System Analysis 171
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 The Transmission System 171
5.2.1 Single-Phase Representation 173
5.2.2 Transmission and Distribution Systems 173
5.2.3 Example Networks 174
5.3 Voltage Control 176
5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line 178
5.4.1 Electrical Characteristics of Lines and Cables 178
5.4.2 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit 178
5.4.3 Voltage Drop Calculation 179
5.4.4 Simplifications and Conclusions 180
5.5 Reactive Power Management 181
5.5.1 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 182
5.5.1.1 Tap Changers and Voltage Regulators 182
5.5.1.2 AVRs 183
5.5.1.3 Static Compensators 184
5.5.1.4 FACTS 184
5.5.1.5 RE Generator Interfaces 184
5.6 Load-Flow and Power-System Simulation 184
5.6.1 Uses of Load Flow 184
5.6.2 A Particular Case 185
5.6.3 Network Data 186
5.6.4 Load/Generation Data 186
5.6.4.1 Time Dependence 186
5.6.4.2 Types of Nodes (Buses) 187
5.6.5 The Load-Flow Calculations 188
5.6.6 Results 189
5.6.7 Unbalanced Load-Flow 189
5.7 Faults and Protection 190
5.7.1 Short-Circuit Fault Currents 191
5.7.2 Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault Current 191
5.7.3 Fault Currents in General 191
5.7.4 Fault Level (Short-Circuit Level) -Weak Grids 192
5.7.5 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 193
5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations 193
5.9 Power-System Stability 194
5.9.1 Equal Area Stability Criterion 195
5.9.2...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Kraftwerktechnik |
| Genre: | Importe, Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | 352 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781118649930 |
| ISBN-10: | 1118649931 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Infield, David
Freris, Leon |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, amartine@wiley-vch.de |
| Maße: | 250 x 175 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David Infield (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 30.01.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,782 kg |
DAVID INFIELD, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
LEON FRERIS, Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
Foreword xv
Preface to the First Edition xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
About the Companion Website xxv
1 Energy and Electricity 1
1.1 The World Energy Scene 1
1.1.1 History 1
1.1.2 World Energy Consumption 1
1.1.3 Finite Resources 2
1.1.4 Energy Security and Disparity of Use 3
1.2 The Environmental Impact of Energy Use 4
1.2.1 The Problem 4
1.2.2 The Science 5
1.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol 7
1.2.4 Economics of Mitigation 10
1.2.5 Efficient Energy Use 11
1.2.6 The Electricity Sector 14
1.2.7 Possible Solutions and Sustainability 15
1.3 Generating Electricity 16
1.3.1 Conversion from Other Energy Forms - The Importance of Efficiency 16
1.3.2 The Nuclear Path 17
1.3.3 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 17
1.3.4 Renewables 18
1.4 The Electrical Power System 20
1.4.1 Structure of the Electrical Power System 20
1.4.2 Integrating Renewables into Power Systems 23
1.4.3 Distributed Generation 23
1.4.4 Renewable Energy Penetration 24
1.4.5 Network Stability 25
References 25
2 Features of Conventional and Renewable Generation 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Conventional Sources: Coal, Gas and Nuclear 28
2.3 Hydroelectric Power 29
2.3.1 Large-Scale Hydro 30
2.3.2 Small Hydro 31
2.3.2.1 Turbine Designs 32
2.4 Wind Power 33
2.4.1 The Resource 33
2.4.2 Wind Variability 34
2.4.3 Wind Turbines 37
2.4.4 Power Variability 40
2.4.4.1 Variability from Second to Second 40
2.4.4.2 Variability from Minute to Minute 41
2.4.4.3 Variability from Hour to Hour and from Day-to-Day 41
2.4.4.4 Seasonal Variability 42
2.4.5 Offshore Wind 42
2.5 PV and Solar Thermal Electricity 47
2.5.1 The Resource 47
2.5.2 The Technology 49
2.5.3 Photovoltaic Systems 49
2.5.4 Solar Thermal Electric Systems 52
2.6 Tidal Power 54
2.6.1 The Resource 54
2.6.2 Tidal Enhancement 54
2.6.2.1 Funnelling 54
2.6.2.2 Resonance 55
2.6.2.3 Coriolis Effect 55
2.6.3 Tidal Barrages 55
2.6.4 Operational Strategies 55
2.6.4.1 Power Variability 56
2.6.5 Tidal Current Schemes 57
2.7 Wave Power 59
2.7.1 The Resource 59
2.7.2 The Technology 59
2.7.3 Variability 60
2.8 Biomass 62
2.8.1 The Resource 62
2.8.2 Resource Sustainability 62
2.9 Summary of Power Generation Characteristics 63
2.10 Combining Sources 64
References 65
3 Power Balance/Frequency Control 67
3.1 Introduction 67
3.1.1 The Power Balance Issue 67
3.2 Electricity Demand 68
3.2.1 Demand Curves 68
3.2.2 Load Aggregation 69
3.2.3 Demand-Side Management - Deferrable Loads 70
3.3 Power Governing 71
3.3.1 Power Conversion Chain 71
3.3.2 Governor Steady State Characteristics 72
3.3.3 Parallel Operation of Two Generators 73
3.3.4 A Multi-Generator System 74
3.3.5 The Steady State Power-Frequency Relationship 75
3.4 Dynamic Frequency Control of Large Systems 76
3.4.1 Demand Matching 76
3.4.2 Demand Forecasting 77
3.4.3 Frequency Limits 79
3.4.4 Generation Scheduling and Reserve 79
3.4.5 Frequency Control at Different Timescales 80
3.4.6 Meeting Demand and Ensuring Reliability 82
3.4.7 Capacity Factor and Capacity Credit 83
3.5 Impact of Renewable Generation on Frequency Control and Reliability 84
3.5.1 Introduction 84
3.5.2 Aggregation of Sources 85
3.5.2.1 The Monthly Distribution of Power Availability 85
3.5.2.2 The Daily Distribution of Power Availability 85
3.5.2.3 Short Term Variability 86
3.5.2.4 The Capacity Factor 86
3.5.3 Value of Energy from the Wind 88
3.5.4 Impact on Balancing 88
3.5.5 Impact on Reliability 90
3.5.6 Discarded/Curtailed Energy 91
3.5.7 Overall Penalties Due to Increasing Penetration 92
3.5.8 Combining Different Renewable Sources 92
3.5.9 Differences Between Electricity Systems 93
3.5.10 Limits of Penetration from Non-Dispatchable Sources 94
3.6 Frequency Response Services from Renewables 96
3.6.1.1 Wind Power 96
3.6.1.2 Biofuels 100
3.6.1.3 Waterpower 100
3.6.1.4 Photovoltaics 100
3.7 Frequency Control Modelling 101
3.7.1 Background 101
3.7.1.1 Modelling a Generator 101
3.7.1.2 Modelling Released Demand 102
3.7.1.3 Modelling the Grid's Inertial Energy Store 102
3.7.2 A Modelling Example 103
3.8 Energy Storage 105
3.8.1 Introduction 105
3.8.2 Storage Devices 106
3.8.3 Dynamic Demand Control 108
References 111
Further Reading 113
4 Electrical Power Generation and Conditioning 115
4.1 The Conversion of Renewable Energy into Electrical Form 115
4.2 The Synchronous Generator 116
4.2.1 Construction and Mode of Operation 116
4.2.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field 119
4.2.3 Synchronous Generator Operation When Grid Connected 120
4.2.4 The Synchronous Generator Equivalent Circuit 122
4.2.5 Power Transfer Equations 123
4.2.6 Three-Phase Equations 124
4.2.7 Four-Quadrant Operation 125
4.2.8 Power-Load Angle Characteristic 125
4.3 The Transformer 126
4.3.1 Transformer Basics 126
4.3.2 The Transformer Equivalent Circuit 128
4.3.3 Further Details on Transformers 129
4.4 The Asynchronous Generator 130
4.4.1 Construction and Properties 130
4.4.2 The Induction Machine Equivalent Circuit 132
4.4.3 The Induction Machine Efficiency 134
4.4.4 The Induction Machine Speed-Torque Characteristic 134
4.4.5 Induction Generator Reactive Power 137
4.4.6 Comparison Between Synchronous and Asynchronous Generators 137
4.5 Power Electronics 139
4.5.1 Introduction 139
4.5.2 Power-Semiconductor Devices 139
4.5.2.1 Diodes 139
4.5.2.2 Thyristors 139
4.5.2.3 Transistors 140
4.5.3 Diode Bridge Rectifier 141
4.5.4 Harmonics 142
4.5.5 The Thyristor Bridge Converter 143
4.5.6 The Transistor Bridge 145
4.5.6.1 Basic Square Wave 146
4.5.6.2 Quasi-Sine Wave (Modified Square Wave) 146
4.5.6.3 Pulse-Width Modulation 146
4.5.6.4 Comparison of Switching Methods 148
4.5.6.5 Output Control in a Grid-Connected Inverter 148
4.5.6.6 The Three-Phase Bridge 149
4.5.7 Converter Internal Control Systems 149
4.5.8 DC-DC Converters 150
4.5.8.1 Step-Down DC-DC Converter 150
4.5.8.2 Step-Up DC-DC Converter 150
4.5.9 Multi-Level Converters 151
4.5.10 Matrix Converters 151
4.5.11 Z-Source Converters 151
4.6 Applications to Renewable Energy Generators 152
4.6.1 Applications to PV Systems 152
4.6.1.1 PV System Characteristics 152
4.6.1.2 Basic Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153
4.6.1.3 Transformerless Grid-Connected PV Inverter 153
4.6.1.4 PV Inverter Using a High-Frequency Transformer 154
4.6.1.5 PV Inverter Using a Steering Bridge 154
4.6.1.6 PV Inverters for Stand-Alone Operation 155
4.6.2 Applications to Wind Power 155
4.6.2.1 Fixed Versus Variable Speed - Energy Capture [4] 155
4.6.2.2 Fixed Versus Variable Speed - Dynamics 156
4.6.3 Synchronous Generator Supplying an Autonomous Network 157
4.6.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines 157
4.6.3.2 Variable Slip Wind Turbines 158
4.6.4 The Principle of Slip Energy Recovery 159
4.6.4.1 DFIG Wind Turbines 160
4.6.4.2 Wind Turbines with Full Converters 162
4.6.5 Synchronous Generators in Wind Turbines 162
4.6.6 Gearless Wind Turbines 163
4.6.7 Hybrid Drive Train Designs 164
4.6.8 DC Transmission for Wind 165
4.7 Applications to Small Scale Hydro 166
4.8 Applications to Tidal Stream Turbines 167
References 168
5 Power-System Analysis 171
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 The Transmission System 171
5.2.1 Single-Phase Representation 173
5.2.2 Transmission and Distribution Systems 173
5.2.3 Example Networks 174
5.3 Voltage Control 176
5.4 Power Flow in an Individual Section of Line 178
5.4.1 Electrical Characteristics of Lines and Cables 178
5.4.2 Single-Phase Equivalent Circuit 178
5.4.3 Voltage Drop Calculation 179
5.4.4 Simplifications and Conclusions 180
5.5 Reactive Power Management 181
5.5.1 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 182
5.5.1.1 Tap Changers and Voltage Regulators 182
5.5.1.2 AVRs 183
5.5.1.3 Static Compensators 184
5.5.1.4 FACTS 184
5.5.1.5 RE Generator Interfaces 184
5.6 Load-Flow and Power-System Simulation 184
5.6.1 Uses of Load Flow 184
5.6.2 A Particular Case 185
5.6.3 Network Data 186
5.6.4 Load/Generation Data 186
5.6.4.1 Time Dependence 186
5.6.4.2 Types of Nodes (Buses) 187
5.6.5 The Load-Flow Calculations 188
5.6.6 Results 189
5.6.7 Unbalanced Load-Flow 189
5.7 Faults and Protection 190
5.7.1 Short-Circuit Fault Currents 191
5.7.2 Symmetrical Three-Phase Fault Current 191
5.7.3 Fault Currents in General 191
5.7.4 Fault Level (Short-Circuit Level) -Weak Grids 192
5.7.5 Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 193
5.8 Time Varying and Dynamic Simulations 193
5.9 Power-System Stability 194
5.9.1 Equal Area Stability Criterion 195
5.9.2...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2020 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Kraftwerktechnik |
| Genre: | Importe, Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: | 352 S. |
| ISBN-13: | 9781118649930 |
| ISBN-10: | 1118649931 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Infield, David
Freris, Leon |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley & Sons Inc |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, amartine@wiley-vch.de |
| Maße: | 250 x 175 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | David Infield (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 30.01.2020 |
| Gewicht: | 0,782 kg |
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