Part I. Introduction: 1. Understanding religious identity in fourth century Antioch; 2. Imperial society, religion and literary culture in fourth century Antioch; Part II. Constructed and Strategic Religious Identities and Allegiances, an Introduction: 3. Chrysostom and the construction of religious identities; 4. Libanius and the strategic use of religious allegiance; Part III. Religious Identities and Other Forms of Social Identification, an Introduction: 5. Religious identity and other social identities in Chrysostom; 6. Religious allegiance and other social identities in Libanius; Part IV. Religious Identities and Social Organization, an Introduction: 7. Chrysostom and social structure among Christians in Antioch; 8. Libanius, religious allegiance and social structure; Part V. Assessing the Impact of Constructions of Identity, an Introduction: 9. Religious identity, religious allegiance and religious practice; 10. Conclusion.