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Step-by-step advice for constructing a qualitative project from beginning to end, covering both foundational theory and real-world application
Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact guides you through sequential stages of a qualitative research project, from project design and data collection to analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Drawing on her background in qualitative research methods and human communication, Sarah J. Tracy shares personal and backstage stories while showing you how to code data, craft meaningful claims, develop theoretical explanations, and communicate research that impacts key stakeholders.
Employing a practical, problem-based contextual approach, the third edition of Qualitative Research Methods incorporates developments in textual, media, visual, arts-based, and digital analysis. New coverage includes social media data-scraping techniques, AI and ChatGPT, fieldwork and interviewing, digital ethnography, working with neurodivergent populations, adopting digital and traditional archival approaches, and much more. This edition includes a wealth of new examples, case studies, discussion questions, full-color visuals, and hands-on "Project Building Blocks" activities you can use at any stage of your qualitative research project.
Supported by a companion website containing extensive teaching and learning tools, Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact is an indispensable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty across multiple disciplines, as well as researchers, ethnographers, and user experience professionals looking to hone their methodological practice.
Step-by-step advice for constructing a qualitative project from beginning to end, covering both foundational theory and real-world application
Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact guides you through sequential stages of a qualitative research project, from project design and data collection to analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Drawing on her background in qualitative research methods and human communication, Sarah J. Tracy shares personal and backstage stories while showing you how to code data, craft meaningful claims, develop theoretical explanations, and communicate research that impacts key stakeholders.
Employing a practical, problem-based contextual approach, the third edition of Qualitative Research Methods incorporates developments in textual, media, visual, arts-based, and digital analysis. New coverage includes social media data-scraping techniques, AI and ChatGPT, fieldwork and interviewing, digital ethnography, working with neurodivergent populations, adopting digital and traditional archival approaches, and much more. This edition includes a wealth of new examples, case studies, discussion questions, full-color visuals, and hands-on "Project Building Blocks" activities you can use at any stage of your qualitative research project.
Supported by a companion website containing extensive teaching and learning tools, Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact is an indispensable resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty across multiple disciplines, as well as researchers, ethnographers, and user experience professionals looking to hone their methodological practice.
SARAH J. TRACY is Professor and School Director of The Hugh Downs School of Human Communication at Arizona State University. She developed the "Big Tent" model for high-quality qualitative research and has published more than 100 scholarly monographs, in publications such as Communication Monographs, Management Communication Quarterly, and Communication Theory.
Preface: Is this book for me? xvii
About the Companion Website xxv
1 The impact and power of qualitative methods 1
Overview and introduction 2
Three core qualitative concepts: self-reflexivity, context, and thick description 2
Self-reflexivity 2
Context 4
Thick description 4
The strengths and distinctions of qualitative research 4
How qualitative research is distinct from quantitative research 5
Strengths of qualitative research 6
Qualitative research is useful in a variety of jobs, settings, and disciplines 8
Qualitative research skills are instrumental at work 8
EXERCISE 1.1 Interviewing a friend, colleague, or classmate 10
How qualitative methods show up in a range of disciplines and settings 11
Transforming ideas to sites, settings, and participants 12
Sources of research ideas 12
EXERCISE 1.2 Field/site/participant brainstorm 13
CONSIDER THIS 1.1 Sources of research ideas 14
Ethical compatibility, yield, suitability, and feasibility 15
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.1 Negotiating research with minoritized populations 18
TIPS AND TOOLS 1.1 Factoring the ease of fieldwork 19
Moving toward a research question 19
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.2 Published examples of research questions 21
EXERCISE 1.3 Early research question brainstorm 22
Considering collaboration 23
FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 24
In summary 25
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 1 Three potential field sites and/or participant groups 25
2 Entering the conversation of qualitative research 27
Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) 28
Inductive/emic, deductive/etic, and abductive/iterative approaches 30
The funnel metaphor 31
EXERCISE 2.1 A quick dip into the field 32
Sensitizing concepts 32
A complex focus on the whole 33
Naturalistic inquiry 34
Thick description 34
Bricolage 34
A sampling of theoretical approaches that commonly use qualitative methods 36
Symbolic interactionism 36
CONSIDER THIS 2.1 How do I know myself? 38
Structuration theory 38
CONSIDER THIS 2.2 Why am I standing in line? 40
EXERCISE 2.2 Action versus structure 41
Sensemaking 41
Historical matters and current conversations in qualitative research 43
The early days 43
Ethically problematic research and the creation of the IRB 44
Recent history in academia and the professional sector 45
Current conversations: social justice, ethics, post-qualitative research, big data 46
CONSIDER THIS 2.3 Celebrating diverse bodyminds in qualitative research 48
In summary 50
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 2 Research problems and questions 51
3 Paradigmatic reflections and qualitative research genres 54
Paradigms: positivist, interpretive, critical, postmodern 55
Positivist and post-positivist paradigms 55
Interpretive paradigm 57
EXERCISE 3.1 A frog's eye view through verstehen/understanding 59
Critical paradigm 59
Postmodern and other "post" paradigms 62
Paradigmatic complexities and intersections 65
EXERCISE 3.2 Assumptions of paradigmatic approaches 66
Key genres of qualitative research 68
Case study 68
Grounded theory 69
Ethnography and ethnography of communication 70
Phenomenology 72
Participatory action research 74
Narrative inquiry and autoethnography 76
Creative, performative, and arts-based approaches 77
In summary 78
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 3 Paradigmatic lens and qualitative genre 79
4 Research design, sampling, research proposals, ethics, and IRB 83
Planning the data collection: fieldwork, interviews, texts, and visuals 84
The value of fieldwork and "participant witnessing" 84
The value of interviews 86
The value of textual analysis and cultural studies 87
The value of visual and arts-based materials 88
Developing a sampling plan: who, what, where, how, and when 90
Random samples and representative samples 90
Convenience/opportunistic samples 91
Maximum variation samples 91
Snowball samples 92
Theoretical-construct samples 92
Typical, extreme, deviant, and critical incident samples 92
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.1 Sampling plans 94
How and when to choose your sample 94
Ethics and institutional review boards (IRB) 95
CONSIDER THIS 4.1 Ethical considerations during the research design phase 96
Research instruments, informed consent, and confidentiality 96
Different levels of ethical risk and IRB review 98
The quirks of IRB 99
Creating a research proposal 101
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.2 Research proposal components 102
Title, abstract, and keywords 102
Introduction/rationale 103
EXERCISE 4.1 Conceptual cocktail party 104
Literature review and conceptual framework 106
EXERCISE 4.2 Annotated bibliography 107
Research questions/foci 107
Methodology and methods 107
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.3 What belongs in a qualitative methods section? 108
Budget/timeline 108
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.4 What to include in a qualitative project budget 109
Projected outcomes 109
In summary 110
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 4 Research proposal & institutional ethics review 110
5 Negotiating access and exploring the scene 114
Confessional tales that illustrate common challenges of access and consent 115
Riding my mentor's coattails: Citywest 911 emergency call-takers 115
Becoming a full participant: the Radiant Sun cruise ship 116
Entering a closed organization: Women's Minimum and Nouveau Jail 117
Accessing an elite interviewee population surrounding a delicate topic 118
Practical considerations of negotiating access 119
Do some homework before you begin 120
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.1 Contact information log 121
Please don't reject me! Seeking research permission 121
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.2 Sample access proposal: Emotion, culture, and organizational communication 124
An ethical posture of accessing virtual and digital texts 125
Negotiating access for interviews and avoiding imposter participants 127
Abandoning the ego, engaging embodiment, embracing liminality 128
EXERCISE 5.1 Self-identity audit 130
Navigating those first research interactions 131
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.3 Initial reactions speak volumes 132
Relationship building with participants 133
Seeking informed consent in the scene 133
TIPS AND TOOLS 5.1 Navigating the beginning of the qualitative research project 134
Exploratory methods 134
Briefing interviews and participant information table 134
Member diaries 135
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.4 Participant information table 135
Maps and narrative tours 136
In summary 138
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 5 Research design, map, and narrative tour 139
6 Field roles, fieldnotes, and field focus 141
Field roles and standpoints 142
Complete participant 143
Play participant 145
CONSIDER THIS 6.1 When playing is uncomfortable 146
Focused witness 146
Complete witness 147
TIPS AND TOOLS 6.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different field roles 149
Visual, virtual, and digital aspects of fieldwork 150
Writing fieldnotes: raw records, headnotes, and formal fieldnotes 151
Raw records and headnotes 151
EXERCISE 6.1 Taking raw records in the scene 153
Formal fieldnotes 154
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 6.1 Fieldnote header 155
Qualities of good fieldnotes 156
Economy versus detail 156
Showing (and using dialogue) versus telling 156
Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar 157
Noticing the data as evidence 158
CONSIDER THIS 6.2 Noticing the data as evidence 159
Analytic reflections 159
Fieldnote wrap-up 160
TIPS AND TOOLS 6.2 Fieldnote writing tips 161
Focusing the data and using heuristic devices 161
FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 163
In summary 166
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 6 Fieldnotes 166
7 Interview planning and design: Structuring, wording, and questioning 169
Self-reflexivity in interviews 170
EXERCISE 7.1 Self-reflexive interviewing 171
Interview structure, type, and stance 171
Level of structure in interviews 171
Interview types: ethnographic, informant, respondent, narrative 173
Interview stances: deliberate naïveté, collaborative, pedagogical, responsive, confrontational 174
TIPS AND TOOLS 7.1 Interview structure, types, and stances 175
Interview guide and question wording 176
Wording good questions 176
EXERCISE 7.2 Strategizing interviews 176
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.1 Research questions versus interview questions 177
Interview questions: types, purposes, examples, and sequencing 178
Opening the interview 178
TIPS AND TOOLS 7.2 Interview question types 179
Generative questions 180
Directive questions 182
Closing the interview 184
Visual, embodied, and experiential interview approaches 184
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.2 Mobile peripatetic interviews 187
Interview question wrap-up 188
How many interviews are "enough"? 189
In summary 191
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 7 Annotated interview schedule/guide, sample rationale, and pilot 192
8 Interview practice: Embodied, mediated, and focus-group approaches 196
Conducting...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Importe, Soziologie |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119988656 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119988659 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Tracy, Sarah J. |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | preigu, Ansas Meyer, Lengericher Landstr. 19, D-49078 Osnabrück, mail@preigu.de |
| Maße: | 252 x 176 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Sarah J. Tracy |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 23.09.2024 |
| Gewicht: | 1,002 kg |
SARAH J. TRACY is Professor and School Director of The Hugh Downs School of Human Communication at Arizona State University. She developed the "Big Tent" model for high-quality qualitative research and has published more than 100 scholarly monographs, in publications such as Communication Monographs, Management Communication Quarterly, and Communication Theory.
Preface: Is this book for me? xvii
About the Companion Website xxv
1 The impact and power of qualitative methods 1
Overview and introduction 2
Three core qualitative concepts: self-reflexivity, context, and thick description 2
Self-reflexivity 2
Context 4
Thick description 4
The strengths and distinctions of qualitative research 4
How qualitative research is distinct from quantitative research 5
Strengths of qualitative research 6
Qualitative research is useful in a variety of jobs, settings, and disciplines 8
Qualitative research skills are instrumental at work 8
EXERCISE 1.1 Interviewing a friend, colleague, or classmate 10
How qualitative methods show up in a range of disciplines and settings 11
Transforming ideas to sites, settings, and participants 12
Sources of research ideas 12
EXERCISE 1.2 Field/site/participant brainstorm 13
CONSIDER THIS 1.1 Sources of research ideas 14
Ethical compatibility, yield, suitability, and feasibility 15
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.1 Negotiating research with minoritized populations 18
TIPS AND TOOLS 1.1 Factoring the ease of fieldwork 19
Moving toward a research question 19
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 1.2 Published examples of research questions 21
EXERCISE 1.3 Early research question brainstorm 22
Considering collaboration 23
FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 24
In summary 25
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 1 Three potential field sites and/or participant groups 25
2 Entering the conversation of qualitative research 27
Phronetic iterative qualitative data analysis (PIQDA) 28
Inductive/emic, deductive/etic, and abductive/iterative approaches 30
The funnel metaphor 31
EXERCISE 2.1 A quick dip into the field 32
Sensitizing concepts 32
A complex focus on the whole 33
Naturalistic inquiry 34
Thick description 34
Bricolage 34
A sampling of theoretical approaches that commonly use qualitative methods 36
Symbolic interactionism 36
CONSIDER THIS 2.1 How do I know myself? 38
Structuration theory 38
CONSIDER THIS 2.2 Why am I standing in line? 40
EXERCISE 2.2 Action versus structure 41
Sensemaking 41
Historical matters and current conversations in qualitative research 43
The early days 43
Ethically problematic research and the creation of the IRB 44
Recent history in academia and the professional sector 45
Current conversations: social justice, ethics, post-qualitative research, big data 46
CONSIDER THIS 2.3 Celebrating diverse bodyminds in qualitative research 48
In summary 50
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 2 Research problems and questions 51
3 Paradigmatic reflections and qualitative research genres 54
Paradigms: positivist, interpretive, critical, postmodern 55
Positivist and post-positivist paradigms 55
Interpretive paradigm 57
EXERCISE 3.1 A frog's eye view through verstehen/understanding 59
Critical paradigm 59
Postmodern and other "post" paradigms 62
Paradigmatic complexities and intersections 65
EXERCISE 3.2 Assumptions of paradigmatic approaches 66
Key genres of qualitative research 68
Case study 68
Grounded theory 69
Ethnography and ethnography of communication 70
Phenomenology 72
Participatory action research 74
Narrative inquiry and autoethnography 76
Creative, performative, and arts-based approaches 77
In summary 78
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 3 Paradigmatic lens and qualitative genre 79
4 Research design, sampling, research proposals, ethics, and IRB 83
Planning the data collection: fieldwork, interviews, texts, and visuals 84
The value of fieldwork and "participant witnessing" 84
The value of interviews 86
The value of textual analysis and cultural studies 87
The value of visual and arts-based materials 88
Developing a sampling plan: who, what, where, how, and when 90
Random samples and representative samples 90
Convenience/opportunistic samples 91
Maximum variation samples 91
Snowball samples 92
Theoretical-construct samples 92
Typical, extreme, deviant, and critical incident samples 92
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.1 Sampling plans 94
How and when to choose your sample 94
Ethics and institutional review boards (IRB) 95
CONSIDER THIS 4.1 Ethical considerations during the research design phase 96
Research instruments, informed consent, and confidentiality 96
Different levels of ethical risk and IRB review 98
The quirks of IRB 99
Creating a research proposal 101
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.2 Research proposal components 102
Title, abstract, and keywords 102
Introduction/rationale 103
EXERCISE 4.1 Conceptual cocktail party 104
Literature review and conceptual framework 106
EXERCISE 4.2 Annotated bibliography 107
Research questions/foci 107
Methodology and methods 107
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.3 What belongs in a qualitative methods section? 108
Budget/timeline 108
TIPS AND TOOLS 4.4 What to include in a qualitative project budget 109
Projected outcomes 109
In summary 110
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 4 Research proposal & institutional ethics review 110
5 Negotiating access and exploring the scene 114
Confessional tales that illustrate common challenges of access and consent 115
Riding my mentor's coattails: Citywest 911 emergency call-takers 115
Becoming a full participant: the Radiant Sun cruise ship 116
Entering a closed organization: Women's Minimum and Nouveau Jail 117
Accessing an elite interviewee population surrounding a delicate topic 118
Practical considerations of negotiating access 119
Do some homework before you begin 120
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.1 Contact information log 121
Please don't reject me! Seeking research permission 121
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.2 Sample access proposal: Emotion, culture, and organizational communication 124
An ethical posture of accessing virtual and digital texts 125
Negotiating access for interviews and avoiding imposter participants 127
Abandoning the ego, engaging embodiment, embracing liminality 128
EXERCISE 5.1 Self-identity audit 130
Navigating those first research interactions 131
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.3 Initial reactions speak volumes 132
Relationship building with participants 133
Seeking informed consent in the scene 133
TIPS AND TOOLS 5.1 Navigating the beginning of the qualitative research project 134
Exploratory methods 134
Briefing interviews and participant information table 134
Member diaries 135
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 5.4 Participant information table 135
Maps and narrative tours 136
In summary 138
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 5 Research design, map, and narrative tour 139
6 Field roles, fieldnotes, and field focus 141
Field roles and standpoints 142
Complete participant 143
Play participant 145
CONSIDER THIS 6.1 When playing is uncomfortable 146
Focused witness 146
Complete witness 147
TIPS AND TOOLS 6.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different field roles 149
Visual, virtual, and digital aspects of fieldwork 150
Writing fieldnotes: raw records, headnotes, and formal fieldnotes 151
Raw records and headnotes 151
EXERCISE 6.1 Taking raw records in the scene 153
Formal fieldnotes 154
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 6.1 Fieldnote header 155
Qualities of good fieldnotes 156
Economy versus detail 156
Showing (and using dialogue) versus telling 156
Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar 157
Noticing the data as evidence 158
CONSIDER THIS 6.2 Noticing the data as evidence 159
Analytic reflections 159
Fieldnote wrap-up 160
TIPS AND TOOLS 6.2 Fieldnote writing tips 161
Focusing the data and using heuristic devices 161
FOLLOWING, FORGETTING, AND IMPROVISING 163
In summary 166
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 6 Fieldnotes 166
7 Interview planning and design: Structuring, wording, and questioning 169
Self-reflexivity in interviews 170
EXERCISE 7.1 Self-reflexive interviewing 171
Interview structure, type, and stance 171
Level of structure in interviews 171
Interview types: ethnographic, informant, respondent, narrative 173
Interview stances: deliberate naïveté, collaborative, pedagogical, responsive, confrontational 174
TIPS AND TOOLS 7.1 Interview structure, types, and stances 175
Interview guide and question wording 176
Wording good questions 176
EXERCISE 7.2 Strategizing interviews 176
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.1 Research questions versus interview questions 177
Interview questions: types, purposes, examples, and sequencing 178
Opening the interview 178
TIPS AND TOOLS 7.2 Interview question types 179
Generative questions 180
Directive questions 182
Closing the interview 184
Visual, embodied, and experiential interview approaches 184
RESEARCHER'S NOTEPAD 7.2 Mobile peripatetic interviews 187
Interview question wrap-up 188
How many interviews are "enough"? 189
In summary 191
PROJECT BUILDING BLOCK 7 Annotated interview schedule/guide, sample rationale, and pilot 192
8 Interview practice: Embodied, mediated, and focus-group approaches 196
Conducting...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Genre: | Importe, Soziologie |
| Rubrik: | Wissenschaften |
| Medium: | Taschenbuch |
| ISBN-13: | 9781119988656 |
| ISBN-10: | 1119988659 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Einband: | Kartoniert / Broschiert |
| Autor: | Tracy, Sarah J. |
| Hersteller: | John Wiley and Sons Ltd |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | preigu, Ansas Meyer, Lengericher Landstr. 19, D-49078 Osnabrück, mail@preigu.de |
| Maße: | 252 x 176 x 23 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Sarah J. Tracy |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 23.09.2024 |
| Gewicht: | 1,002 kg |
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