Seiko Jose is a scientist at Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India.

Sabu Thomas is the Director of Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India.

Lata Samant is a research scholar at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India.

Sneha Sabu Mathew is a research scholar at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.

Preface xix 1 Biomass - An Environmental Concern 1Deepak S. Khobragade 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biomass as an Energy Source 4 1.3 The Environmental Concern of Biomass 6 1.4 Air Pollution 7 1.4.1 Gaseous Emissions 7 1.4.2 Dust 7 1.4.3 Biomass Ash (Bottom Ash) 7 1.4.4 Fly Ash 8 1.4.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 8 1.5 Water Use and Water Pollution 8 1.6 Impact on Soil 9 1.7 Indoor Pollution 11 1.8 Deforestation and Land Degradation 11 1.9 Health Hazards 11 1.10 Non-respiratory Illness 11 1.10.1 In Children 11 1.10.1.1 Lower Birth Weight 11 1.10.1.2 Nutritional Deficiency 12 1.10.2 Respiratory Illness in Adults 12 1.10.2.1 Interstitial Lung Disease 12 1.10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 12 1.10.2.3 Tuberculosis 12 1.10.2.4 Lung Cancer 12 1.10.3 Non-respiratory Illness in Adults 13 1.10.3.1 Cardiovascular Disease 13 1.10.3.2 Cataracts 13 1.11 Safe Disposal of Biomass 13 1.12 The Bioeconomy of the Biomass Utilization 15 1.13 Biowaste-Derived Functional Materials 15 1.14 Conclusion 16 References 17 2 Chemistry of Biomass 23Wagner M. Cavalini, Breno M. Jóia, Diego E. R. Gonzaga, Rogério Marchiosi, Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho, and dos Santos, Wanderley D. 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Cellulose 25 2.3 Hemicellulose 26 2.3.1 Xylans 27 2.3.2 Mannans 27 2.3.3 Arabinogalactans 28 2.4 Pectin 28 2.4.1 Homogalacturonan 29 2.4.1.1 Rhamnogalacturonan I 29 2.4.1.2 Rhamnogalacturonan II 29 2.5 Lignin 30 2.5.1 Lignin Valorization 31 2.6 Reserve Compounds 31 2.6.1 Starch 31 2.6.2 Sucrose 32 2.6.3 Lipids 33 2.6.3.1 Fatty Acids 33 2.6.3.2 Triacylglycerols 34 2.7 Natural Compounds (Secondary Metabolites) 34 2.7.1 Terpenoids 35 2.7.2 Phenylpropanoids 35 2.7.3 Alkaloids 36 2.8 Conclusion 36 References 37 3 Lignin from Biomass ¿ Sources, Extraction, and Application 43Irwan Kurnia, Surachai Karnjanakom, and Guoqing Guan 3.1 Sources 43 3.2 Extraction 45 3.2.1 Alkaline Process 47 3.2.1.1 Sulfur Processes 47 3.2.1.2 Sulfur-Free Processes 48 3.2.2 Acidic Process 48 3.2.2.1 Concentrated Acid Process (Klason Process) 49 3.2.2.2 Dilute Acid Process 49 3.2.3 Solvent-Assisted Extraction Processes 49 3.2.3.1 Organosolv Process 49 3.2.3.2 Aldehyde-Assisted Process 49 3.2.3.3 GVL-Assisted Process 50 3.2.3.4 Ionic Liquid Process 50 3.2.3.5 Deep Eutectic Solvents Process 51 3.2.4 Physical-Assisted Extraction Processes 51 3.2.4.1 Milled-Wood Process 51 3.2.4.2 Microwave-Assisted Process 51 3.2.5 Enzymatic Process 52 3.3 Application 53 3.3.1 Lignin-Derived Nanomaterials 53 3.3.1.1 Biomedical Materials 54 3.3.1.2 Energy Storage Materials 55 3.4 Summary and Outlook 57 Acknowledgments 57 References 58 4 Starch from Biomass - Sources, Extraction, and Application 63Abdelaziz Amir, Trache Djalal, Sahnoun Nassima, and Tarchoune A. Fouzi 4.1 Introduction 63 4.1.1 Starch Source 63 4.1.2 Root and Tuber Starch Sources 63 4.1.2.1 Potato 63 4.1.2.2 Sweet Potato 65 4.1.2.3 Cassava 67 4.1.2.4 Yam 69 4.1.3 Cereal Starch Sources 70 4.1.3.1 Wheat 70 4.1.3.2 Corn 72 4.1.3.3 Rice 73 4.1.3.4 Oats 74 4.1.3.5 Barley 75 4.1.4 Nonconventional Starch Sources 76 4.1.4.1 Legumes 76 4.1.4.2 Fruits 77 4.2 Starch Extraction 80 4.2.1 Milling Process and its Effect on Starch Structure 80 4.2.1.1 Dry Milling 80 4.2.1.2 Wet Milling 81 4.2.1.3 Effect of the Milling Process on Starch Structure 81 4.2.2 Examples of Starch Extraction from Different Sources 82 4.2.2.1 Extraction of Starch from Tubers 82 4.2.2.2 Extraction of Starch from Cereals and Pulses 83 4.2.3 Nonconventionnel Extraction Techniques 85 4.2.3.1 Ultrasound-assisted Milling 85 4.2.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Starch Extraction 85 4.2.3.3 Air-Classification Assisted Milling 86 4.2.3.4 Electrostatic Separation 86 4.2.3.5 Gluten Washing 87 4.3 Starch Applications 87 4.3.1 Medical Applications 87 4.3.1.1 Drug Delivery Systems 87 4.3.1.2 Surgical Sutures 88 4.3.1.3 Bone Fixation and Regeneration 88 4.3.1.4 Tissue Adhesion 89 4.3.2 Water Treatment 89 4.3.3 Agricultural Applications 90 4.3.4 Packaging Applications 93 4.3.5 Food Applications 94 4.4 Conclusions 95 References 96 5 Recent Trends of Cashew Nutshell Liquid: Extraction, Chemistry, and Applications 117Sixberth Mlowe and James Mgaya 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Global Production of Cashew in the World 118 5.3 Extraction of CNSL 118 5.3.1 Thermal Extraction 118 5.3.2 Mechanical Extraction 119 5.3.3 Solvent Extraction 120 5.4 Isolation and the Chemistry of Major Components of CNSL 120 5.4.1 Isolation of the Components of Natural CNSL 121 5.4.2 Isolation of the Components of Technical CNSL 122 5.5 Recent Developments in the Chemical Transformation and Uses of Cashew Nutshell Liquid 123 5.5.1 Pharmaceutical Drugs from Cardanol 123 5.5.2 Anthraquinone-Based Dyes from Anacardic Acid 125 5.5.3 CNSL-Based UV Absorbers 126 5.5.4 CNSL in Preparation of Bioactive Nanocarriers 127 5.5.5 CNSL as a Green Catalyst 127 5.5.6 CNSL-Derived Bifunctional Chemicals 128 5.5.7 CNSL-Based Flame Retardants 129 5.5.8 Use of Cashew Nutshell Liquid in the Synthesis of Nanomaterials 130 5.5.9 Use of Cashew Nutshell for Decontamination of Polluted Environment 131 5.5.10 Use of CNSL for Preparation of Resins, Adhesives, and Coatings 133 5.6 Conclusions 134 Acknowledgment 134 References 134 6 Plant Biomass Seed and Root Mucilage: Extraction and Properties 141Mohsin A. Raza, Paul D. Hallett, and Waheed Afzal 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Extraction and Preparation Methods 144 6.2.1 Mucilage Extraction and Preparation 144 6.2.2 Other Mucilage Extraction Methods 144 6.2.3 Model Compounds Preparation 145 6.2.4 Density and Viscosity Measurements 145 6.3 Results and Discussion 146 6.3.1 Density 146 6.3.2 Viscosity 149 6.3.3 Model Compounds 152 6.4 Conclusion 156 References 157 7 Plant-Based Colorants: Isolation and Application 159Vandana Bhandari, Pratikhya Badanayak, and Seiko Jose 7.1 Introduction 159 7.2 Classification of Natural Colorants 160 7.2.1 Classification Based on the Sources of Colorants 160 7.2.1.1 Plant-Based Natural Colorants 160 7.2.1.2 Colorant Obtained from Animal Sources 162 7.2.1.3 Mineral-Based Natural Colorants 162 7.2.1.4 Microbial and Fungal Origin 163 7.2.2 Classification on the Basis of Chemical Constituents Present 163 7.2.2.1 Indigoid Dyes 163 7.2.2.2 Anthraquinone Dyes 164 7.2.2.3 Naphthoquinone Dyes 164 7.2.2.4 Flavonoid Dyes 165 7.2.2.5 Carotenoid Dyes 165 7.2.2.6 Tannin-Based Dyes 165 7.2.3 Classification on the Basis of Colors Obtained 165 7.2.3.1 Natural Yellow Dyes 165 7.2.3.2 Natural Red Dyes 165 7.2.3.3 Natural Blue Dyes 166 7.2.3.4 Natural Black Dyes 166 7.2.3.5 Natural Brown Dyes 166 7.2.4 Classification on the Basis of Methods of Applications 166 7.3 Extraction Methods of Naturally Occurring Colorants 167 7.3.1 Conventional/Traditional Methods 167 7.3.1.1 Aqueous Extraction 167 7.3.1.2 Nonaqueous Extraction 168 7.3.2 New Innovative/Modern Methods 169 7.3.2.1 Radiation-Based Extraction (Gamma, Plasma, Microwave, Ultraviolet, and Ultrasonic Radiation) 169 7.3.2.2 Gamma Radiation 170 7.3.2.3 Ultraviolet Radiation 170 7.3.2.4 Ultrasonic Radiation 170 7.3.2.5 Supercritical Extraction 170 7.3.2.6 Enzymatic Method 171 7.4 Mordanting 171 7.4.1 Metal Salts Mordants 172 7.4.2 Oil Mordants 172 7.4.3 Tannins 172 7.5 Mordanting Methods 173 7.6 Functional Properties of Natural Colorants 173 7.6.1 Antimicrobial Property 173 7.6.2 Deodorant Properties of Natural Dyes 175 7.6.3 UV-Protection Property of Natural Dyes 175 7.6.4 Insect-Repellent Properties of Natural Dyes 176 7.7 Fastness Properties of Natural Dyes 176 7.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Dyes 177 7.8.1 Advantages 177 7.8.2 Disadvantages 178 7.9 Conclusion 178 References 179 8 Revival of Sustainable Fungal-Based Natural Pigments 189Shahid Adeel, Amna Naseer, Bisma, Fazal-ur-Rehman, Noman Habib, and Atya Hassan 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Classification of Natural Dyes Based on Sources 190 8.3 Fungal-Based Dyes and Pigments 190 8.4 Classification of Fungal Pigments 190 8.4.1 Species of the Trichocomaceae Family Producing Pigments 191 8.4.1.1 Aspergillus 191 8.4.1.2 Penicillium 193 8.4.1.3 Talaromyces Species 194 8.4.2 Species of the Monascaceae Family Producing Pigments 196 8.4.2.1 Monascus purpureus 196 8.4.3 Species of the Nectriaceae Family Producing Pigments 198 8.4.3.1 Fusarium oxysporum 198 8.4.3.2 Fusarium graminearum 199 8.4.3.3 Fusarium fujikuroi 201 8.4.4 Species of the Hypocreaceae Family Producing Pigments 202 8.4.4.1 Trichoderma harzianum 202 8.4.4.2 Trichoderma spirale 204 8.4.5 Species of the Pleosporaceae Family Producing Pigments 205 8.4.5.1 Pleosporaceae spp. (Alternaria, Curvularia, and Drechslera) 205 8.5 Conclusion 207 References 207 9 Modern Approach Toward Algal-Based Natural Pigments for Textiles 213Mahwish Salman, Shahid Adeel, Mehwish Naseer, Muhammad Zulqurnain Haider, and Fozia Anjum 9.1 Introduction 213 9.1.1 Bio-Pigments 216 9.2 Diversity of Bio-Pigments Present in Algae 216 9.2.1 Chlorophyll 217 9.2.2 Carotenoids 218 9.2.3 Phycobilisomes 218 9.2.4 Phycobilins 219 9.2.5 Phycocyanin 219 9.2.6 Phycoerythrin 220 9.3 Extraction Methods of Bio-Pigments 220 9.4 Conventional Extraction Methods 220 9.4.1 Classic Extraction 220 9.4.1.1 Solvent-Based Extraction 220 9.4.1.2 Thermal Treatment 221 9.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Method 221 9.4.1.4 Enzymatic Extraction 221 9.4.2 Modern Extraction Methods 222 9.4.2.1 Pressurized Systems 222 9.4.2.2 Wave-Energy-Based Cell Disruption 222 9.4.2.3 Cell Milking 224 9.4.2.4 Electroextraction 224 9.4.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 225 9.4.3 Novel Extraction Methodologies 225 9.4.3.1 Laser 226 9.4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Cavitation 226 9.4.3.3 High Voltage Electrical Discharge (HVED) 226 9.4.3.4 Ohmic Heating (OH) 226 9.5 Algal-Based Natural Dyes 227 9.6 Bio-Pigments in the Textile Industry 229 9.7 Utilization of Algal-Based Natural Dyes in Different Industries 230 9.8 Future Prospective of Algal-Based Bio-Pigments 231 9.9 Conclusion 232 References 233 10 Biorefinery from Plant Biomass: A Case Study on Sugarcane Straw 243Fahriya P. Sari, Nissa N. Solihat, Nur I. W. Azelee, and Widya...