PETER VAN INWAGEN is John Cardinal O'Hara Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of The Problem of Evil (2006), Ontology, Identity, and Modality (2001), God, Knowledge, and Mystery: Essays in Philosophical Theology (1995), Metaphysics (1993), Material Beings (1990), and An Essay on Free Will (1983).

DEAN W. ZIMMERMAN is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He has published articles on metaphysics in a number of journals and collections, including The American Philosophical Quarterly, Analysis, The Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Mind, The Monist, Noûs, The Philosophical Review, and Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. He is also editor of the Oxford Studies in Metaphysics series.

Sources.

Introduction: What is metaphysics?.

Part I: What Are the Most General Features of the World?:.

A. What is existence?.

1. Holes:David Lewis and Stephanie Lewis.

2. On What There Is:W. V. O. Quine.

3. Beyond Being and Nonbeing:Roderick M. Chisholm.

B. What is the relationship between an individual and its characteristics?.

4. Universals: an Excerpt from The Problems of Philosophy:Bertrand Russell.

5. Universals as Attributes:.

An Excerpt from Universals: an Opinionated Introduction,David M. Armstrong.

6. Universals and Resemblances: Chapter 1 of Thinking and Experience H. H. Price.

7. The Elements of Being:D.C. Williams.

8. The Identity of Indiscernibles:Max Black.

9. Distinct Indiscernibles and the Bundle Theory:Dean W. Zimmerman.

C. What is time? What is space?.

10. Time: an Excerpt from The Nature of Existence:J. McT. E. McTaggart.

11. McTaggart's Arguments against the Reality of Time: an Excerpt from Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy.

C. D. Broad.

12. The Notion of the Present:A. N. Prior.

13. Changes in Events and Changes in Things:A. N. Prior.

14. The General Problem of Time and Change: an Excerpt from Scientific Thought:C. D. Broad.

15. The Myth of Passage:D. C. Williams.

16. Some Free Thinking about Time:A. N. Prior.

17. The Fourth Dimension: an Excerpt from The Ambidextrous Universe:Martin Gardner.

18. Incongruent Counterparts and Higher Dimensions:James Van Cleve.

19. The Traditional Conception of Space, and the Principle of Extensive Abstraction:.

An Excerpt from Scientific Thought:C. D. Broad.

20. Achilles and the Tortoise: Max Black.

21. A Contemporary Look at Zeno's Paradoxes: an Excerpt from Space, Time, and Motion.

Wesley C. Salmon.

22. Grasping the Infinite: José A. Benardete.

23. The Paradoxes of Time Travel: David Lewis.

D. How do Things Persist through Changes of Parts and Properties?.

24. Of Confused Subjects Which Are Equivalent to Two Subjects:.

An Excerpt from The Port-Royal Logic:Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole.

25. The Paradox of Increase:Eric T. Olson.

26. Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis:W. V. O. Quine.

27. In Defense of Stages: Postscript B to "Survival and Identity".

David Lewis.

28. The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics: an Excerpt from On the Plurality of Worlds.

David Lewis.

29. Temporary Intrinsics and Presentism:Dean W. Zimmerman.

E. How do Causes Bring about their Effects?.

30. Constant Conjunction: an Excerpt from A Treatise of Human Nature.

David Hume.

31. Efficient Cause and Active Power: an Excerpt from Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind.

Thomas Reid.

32. Psychological and Physical Causal Laws: an Excerpt from The Analysis of Mind.

Bertrand Russell.

33. Causality: an Excerpt from A Modern Introduction to Logic: L. Susan Stebbing.

34. Causality and Determination: G. E. M. Anscombe.

Part II: What Is Our Place in the World?:.

A. How Are Mind and Body Related?.

35. Which Physical Thing Am I?: an Excerpt from "Is There a Mind-Body Problem?".

Roderick M. Chisholm.

36. Personal Identity: a Materialist Account: Sydney Shoemaker.

37. An Argument for Animalism: Eric T. Olson.

38. Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons: Derek Parfit.

39. Personal Identity: the Dualist Theory: Richard Swinburne.

40. The Causal Theory of the Mind: David M. Armstrong.

41. The Puzzle of Conscious Experience: David J. Chalmers.

42. Neutral Monism: an Excerpt from Philosophy: Bertrand Russell.

B. Is it Possible for Us to Act Freely?.

43. We Are Never Free: an Excerpt from The System of Nature.

Paul-Henri Dietrich, Baron d'Holbach.

44. Free Will as Involving Determination and Inconceivable without It.

R. E. Hobart.

45. Freedom, Causation, and Preexistence: an Excerpt from Problems of Mind and Matter.

John Wisdom.

46. Human Freedom and the Self: Roderick M. Chisholm.

47. The Consequence Argument: Peter van Inwagen.

48. The Mystery of Metaphysical Freedom: Peter van Inwagen.

49. The Agent as Cause: Timothy O'Connor.

50. Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility: Harry G. Frankfurt.

51. Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person: Harry G. Frankfurt.

Part III: Are There Many Worlds?:.

A. Are There Worlds Other than the Actual World?.

52. Modal Realism at Work: an Excerpt from On the Plurality of Worlds.

David Lewis.

53. Counterparts of Persons and Their Bodies: David Lewis.

54. Identity and Necessity: Saul Kripke.

B. Is There More than One Actual World?.

55. After Metaphysics, What?: Hilary Putnam.

56. Truth and Convention: Hilary Putnam.

57. Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity: an Excerpt from "Putnam's Pragmatic Realism".

Ernest Sosa.

58. Addendum to "Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity": Objections and Replies.

Ernest Sosa.

Part IV: Why Is There a World?:.

59. The Problem of Being: Chapter 3 of Some Problems of Philosophy: William James.

60. Why Anything? Why This?: Derek Parfit.

61. Response to Derek Parfit: Richard Swinburne.

62. The Cosmological Argument: an Excerpt from A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God.

Samuel Clarke.

63. The Cosmological Argument and the Principle of Sufficient Reason: William L. Rowe.

64. The Ontological Argument: Chapters II-IV of the Proslogion: St Anselm.

65. Anselm's Ontological Arguments: Norman Malcolm.

Index