Foreword xxiii

Preface xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

1.1 The Motivation For Internetworking 1

1.2 The TCP/IP Internet 2

1.3 Internet Services 2

1.4 History And Scope Of The Internet 6

1.5 The Internet Architecture Board 7

1.6 The IAB Reorganization 8

1.7 Internet Request For Comments (RFCs) 8

1.8 Internet Growth 9

1.9 Transition To IPv6 12

1.10 Committee Design And The New Version of IP 12

1.11 Relationship Between IPv4 And IPv6 13

1.12 IPv6 Migration 14

1.13 Dual Stack Systems 15

1.14 Organization Of The Text 15

1.15 Summary 16

Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Two Approaches To Network Communication 20

2.3 WAN And LAN 21

2.4 Hardware Addressing Schemes 21

2.5 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 22

2.6 Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 26

2.7 ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) 26

2.8 Optical Carrier And Packet Over SONET (OC, POS) 27

2.9 Point-To-Point Networks 28

2.10 VLAN Technology And Broadcast Domains 28

2.11 Bridging 29

2.12 Congestion And Packet Loss 30

2.13 Summary 31

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 35

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Application-Level Interconnection 35

3.3 Network-Level Interconnection 37

3.4 Properties Of The Internet 38

3.5 Internet Architecture 39

3.6 Interconnection Of Multiple Networks With IP Routers 39

3.7 The User’s View 41

3.8 All Networks Are Equal 42

3.9 The Unanswered Questions 43

3.10 Summary 43

Chapter 4 Protocol Layering 47

4.1 Introduction 47

4.2 The Need For Multiple Protocols 47

4.3 The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software 49

4.4 Functionality Of The Layers 49

4.5 ISO 7-Layer Reference Model 50

4.6 X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model 51

4.7 The TCP/IP 5-Layer Reference Model 52

4.8 Locus Of Intelligence 56

4.9 The Protocol Layering Principle 57

4.10 The Layering Principle Applied To A Network 58

4.11 Layering In Mesh Networks 60

4.12 Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model 62

4.13 Cross-Layer Optimizations 63

4.14 The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing 64

4.15 Summary 66

Chapter 5 Internet Addressing 69

5.1 Introduction 69

5.2 Universal Host Identifiers 69

5.3 The Original IPv4 Classful Addressing Scheme 71

5.4 Dotted Decimal Notation Used With IPv4 72

5.5 IPv4 Subnet Addressing 72

5.6 Fixed Length IPv4 Subnets 75

5.7 Variable-Length IPv4 Subnets 77

5.8 Implementation Of IPv4 Subnets With Masks 77

5.9 IPv4 Subnet Mask Representation And Slash Notation 78

5.10 The Current Classless IPv4 Addressing Scheme 79

5.11 IPv4 Address Blocks And CIDR Slash Notation 82

5.12 A Classless IPv4 Addressing Example 82

5.13 IPv4 CIDR Blocks Reserved For Private Networks 83

5.14 The IPv6 Addressing Scheme 84

5.15 IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 84

5.16 IPv6 Address Space Assignment 85

5.17 Embedding IPv4 Addresses In IPv6 For Transition 86

5.18 IPv6 Unicast Addresses And /64 87

5.19 IPv6 Interface Identifiers And MAC Addresses 88

5.20 IP Addresses, Hosts, And Network Connections 89

5.21 Special Addresses