David Bishai is a professor at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the former President of the International Health Economics Association. From 2016 to 2020 he led partners from 6 countries in producing courses in vaccine economics.

Logan Brenzel is a health economist with more than 35 years of health financing and development experience worldwide. Logan has a PhD in Health Economics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health; an MS in Health Policy and Management from the Harvard School of Public Health; and a BA in Human Biology and Humanities (Honors) from Stanford University. At the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Logan manages a portfolio on immunization economics and financing, including COVID-19 vaccines, and supports health systems strengthening partnerships in the Africa region. Since 2003, Logan has provided policy advice to Gavi related to co-financing, eligibility, and transition.

William Padula is a professor of pharmaceutical and health economics at University of Southern California, and fellow in the Leonard Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics. His work explores the theoretical foundations of medical cost-effectiveness analysis. He teaches coursework in vaccine economics at universities throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2021, he published the first peer-reviewed U.S. model on the cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination. He holds a PhD in Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research from University of Colorado; MS, Evaluative Clinical Science from Dartmouth College; MS, Analytics from University of Chicago; and BS, Chemical Engineering from Northwestern University.

• 1. Principles of vaccine economics


• 1.0: Chapter introduction


• 1.1: Introduction to global vaccine systems


• 1.2: Relevance of health economics to vaccines


• 1.3: Cost of finding and making vaccines: implications for immunization programs


• 1.4: Vaccination as investment in human capital


• 1.5: Economics of vaccine delivery


• 2. Estimating the cost of immunization services


• 2.0: Chapter introduction


• 2.1: Why costing studies are needed


• 2.2: Defining immunization costs


• 2.3: Designing a primary costing study or analysis


• 2.4: Data analysis


• 2.5: Costing new vaccine introduction


• 3. Economic evaluation of vaccines and vaccine programs


• 3.0: Chapter introduction


• 3.1: Overview of decision analysis and cost-effectiveness


• 3.2: Defining the scope and study design of cost-effectiveness analysis


• 3.3: Parameter estimation


• 3.4: Measuring and valuing health outcomes


• 3.5: Reporting and interpreting results of economic evaluation


• 3.6: Budget impact analysis and return on investment


• 3.7: Introduction to decision tree modeling


• 4. Advanced methods in economic evaluation


• 4.0: Chapter introduction


• 4.1: Introduction to Markov modeling


• 4.2: Static and dynamic modeling


• 4.3: Probabilistic sensitivity analysis and value of information analysis


• 4.4: Economic evaluation reference case with Markov model


• 5. Financing and resource tracking of vaccination Pprograms


• 5.0: Chapter introduction


• 5.1: Introduction to immunization financing and expenditure


• 5.2: Financing of immunization programs


• 5.3: Donor architecture for immunization financing


• Appendices


• 1: EXERCISE: A CASE-STUDY ON ESTIMATING THE TOTAL AND UNIT ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION COSTS FROM THE FACILITY TO THE NATIONAL LEVEL


• 2: EXERCISE: ESTIMATING NEW VACCINE INTRODUCTION COSTS


• 3: IMMUNIZATION ACTIVITIES AND LINE ITEM COSTS


• 4: MARKOV DECISION PROCESSES (MDPS)


• 5: DERIVATION OF THE ANNUAL EXPECTED COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INFECTED STATE


• 6: MAKING MODELS PROBABILISTIC AND ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF INFORMATION