Table of Contents:

1 Introduction and Preliminaries

1.1 A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume

1.2 Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Points of View

1.3 Properties and State of a Substance

1.4 Processes and Cycles

1.5 Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force

1.6 Specific Volume and Density

1.7 Pressure

1.8 Energy

1.9 Equality of Temperature

1.10 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

1.11 Temperature Scales

1.12 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

2 Properties of a Pure Substance

2.1 The Pure Substance

2.2 The Phase Boundaries

2.3 The P-v-T Surface

2.4 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties

2.5 The Two-Phase States

2.6 The Liquid and Solid States

2.7 The Superheated Vapor States

2.8 The Ideal Gas States

2.9 The Compressibility Factor

2.10 Equations of State

2.11 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

3 Energy Equation and First Law of Thermodynamics

3.1 The Energy Equation

3.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

3.3 The Definition of Work

3.4 Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System

3.5 Definition of Heat

3.6 Heat Transfer Modes

3.7 Internal Energy--A Thermodynamic Property

3.8 Problem Analysis and Solution Technique

3.9 The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy

3.10 The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats

3.11 The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases

3.12 Nonuniform Distribution of States and Mass

3.13 The Transient Heat Transfer Process

3.15 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

4 Energy Analysis for a Control Volume

4.1 Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume

4.2 The Energy Equation for a Control Volume

4.3 The Steady-State Process

4.4 Examples of Steady-State Processes

4.5 Multiple-Flow Devices

4.6 The Transient Flow Process

4.7 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.1 Heat Engines and Refrigerators, and Heat Pump

5.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.3 The Reversible Process

5.4 Factors That Render Processes Irreversible

5.5 The Carnot Cycle

5.6 Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle

5.7 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

5.8 The Ideal Gas Temperature Scale

5.9 Ideal Versus Real Machines

5.10 The Inequality of Clausius

5.11 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

6 Entropy

6.1 Entropy--A Property of a System

6.2 The Entropy of a Pure Substance

6.3 Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

6.4 The Thermodynamic Property Relation

6.5 Entropy Change of a Solid Or Liquid

6.6 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas

6.7 The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas

6.8 Entropy Change of a Control Mass During an Irreversible Process

6.9 Entropy Generation and the Entropy Equation

6.10 Principle of the Increase of Entropy

6.11 Entropy Balance Equation in a Rate Equation

6.12 Some General Comments About Entropy and Chaos

Summary

Problems

7 Entropy Analysis for a Control Volume

7.1 The Entropy Balance Equation for a Control Volume

7.2 The Steady-State Process and the Transient Process

7.3 The Steady-State Single-Flow Process

7.4 Principle of the Increase of Entropy

7.5 Engineering Applications; Energy Conservation and Device Efficiency

Summary

Problems

8 Exergy

8.1 Exergy, Reversible Work, and Irreversibility

8.2 Exergy and Its Balance Equation

8.3 The Second Law Efficiency

8.4 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

9 Gas Power and Refrigeration Systems

9.1 Introduction to Power Systems

9.2 Air-Standard Power Cycles

9.3 The Stirling Cycle and the Ericsson Cycles

9.4 Reciprocating Engine Power Cycles

9.5 The Otto Cycle

9.6 The Diesel Cycle

9.7 The Dual Cycle

9.8 The Atkinson and Miller Cycles

9.9 The Brayton Cycle

9.10 The Simple Gas-Turbine Cycle With a Regenerator

9.11 Gas-Turbine Power Cycle Configurations

9.12 The Air-Standard Cycle for Jet Propulsion

9.13 Introduction to Refrigeration Systems

9.14 The Air-Standard Refrigeration Cycle

Summary

Problems

10 Vapor Power and Refrigeration Systems

10.1 The Simple Rankine Cycle

10.2 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Rankine Cycle

10.3 The Reheat Cycle

10.4 The Regenerative Cycle and Feedwater Heaters

10.5 Deviation of Actual Cycles From Ideal Cycles

10.6 Combined Heat and Power: Other Configurations

10.7 The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle

10.8 Working Fluids for Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems

10.9 Deviation of the Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle From the Ideal Cycle

10.10 Refrigeration Cycle Configurations

10.11 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

10.12 Exergy Analysis of Cycles

10.13 Combined-Cycle Power and Refrigeration Systems

Summary

Problems

11 Gas Mixtures

11.1 General Considerations and Mixtures of Ideal Gases

11.2 A Simplified Model of a Mixture Involving Gases and a Vapor

11.3 The Energy Equation Applied To Gas-Vapor Mixtures

11.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Process

11.5 Engineering Applications--Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures and the Psychrometric Chart

Summary

Problems

12 Thermodynamic Relations

12.1 The Clapeyron Equation

12.2 Mathematical Relations for a Homogeneous Phase

12.3 The Maxwell Relations

12.4 Thermodynamic Relations Involving Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy

12.5 Volume Expansivity and Isothermal and Adiabatic Compressibility

12.6 Real-Gas Behavior and Equations of State

12.7 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Enthalpy At Constant Temperature

12.8 The Generalized Chart for Changes of Entropy At Constant Temperature

12.9 The Property Relation for Mixtures

12.10 Pseudopure Substance Models for Real Gas Mixtures

12.11 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems

13 Chemical Reactions

13.1 Fuels

13.2 The Combustion Process

13.3 Enthalpy of Formation

13.4 Energy Analysis of Reacting Systems

13.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy of Combustion; Heating Value

13.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature

13.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics and Absolute Entropy

13.8 Second-Law Analysis of Reacting Systems

13.9 Fuel Cells

13.10 Engineering Applications

Summary

Problems