David A. Crighton is Hon. Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University. He was formally Deputy Chief Psychologist in the UK Ministry of Justice. He is a past Chair of the BPS Expert Witness Advisory Group and a past Secretary and Treasurer of the British Psychological Society, Division of Forensic Psychology.

Graham J. Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology, Durham University and visiting Clinical Professor, University of Newcastle. He was formally the Chief Psychologist at the Ministry of Justice, UK, and uniquely is the recipient of BPS awards for Distinguished Contributions to Professional practice and forensic academic knowledge. His research interests are wide currently including suicide in prisons and sexual violence at universities.

List of Contributors xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton Justice 4 Expert Controversies 6 Human Rights and Ethics 7 Developmental Perspectives 8 Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10 Psychological Assessment 11 Critical Psychology 12 Substance Use 13 Early Intervention 13 Justice Restored 15 Note 15 Further Reading 16 References 16 Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21David A. Crighton Introduction 22 Historical Development 22 Approaches to Offender Profiling 25 Criminal investigative analysis 25 Crime action profiling 25 Investigative psychology 26 The Development of Offender Profiling 26 Current Evidence on Accuracy 30 Conclusions 31 Notes 32 Further Reading 32 References 33 Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald Eyewitness Identification Performance 37 The Witnessed Event 39 Witness factors 39 Super¿recognisers 40 Perpetrator factors 40 Situational factors 42 Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43 Retention interval 43 Post¿event misinformation 44 Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45 Mugshots 45 Composite production 45 The identification task 46 Pre¿lineup instructions 46 Lineup composition 46 Investigator bias 47 Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48 Post¿identification feedback 49 Is confidence related to accuracy? 49 Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50 Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51 The Eyewitness in Court 53 Conclusions 54 Further Reading 54 References 55 Chapter 4 Jury Decision¿making 66Andreas Kapardis 66 Introduction: The Jury Idea 67 The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68 Arguments Against Jury Trials 69 Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70 Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71 Archival research 71 Questionnaire surveys 71 Mock juries 72 Shadow juries 73 Post¿trial juror interviews 73 Books by ex¿jurors 74 Selecting Jurors 74 Pre¿Trial Publicity 75 The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76 Juror Competence 78 Comprehending evidence 78 Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79 The Jury Foreperson 79 Jury Deliberation 80 Small Juries 81 Defendant Characteristics 82 Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82 Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82 Courtroom Design 83 Hung Juries 83 Models of Jury Decision¿making 83 Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84 Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84 Conclusions 85 Notes 86 Further Reading 87 References 87 Chapter 5 Jury Decision¿making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith Introduction 95 Case study-The girl of Qatif 96 Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97 The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98 Rape complaints and attrition 98 Jury acquittals at trial 100 Jury Decision¿making within Rape Trials 101 Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102 Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102 Juror Bias and Pre¿trial Attitudes 103 Rape myths: Definitions and research 104 Common rape myth beliefs 104 Rape myths and jury decision¿making: The empirical evidence 105 Methodological considerations 109 Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110 Solutions and reforms 110 Conclusions 112 Further Reading 113 References 113 Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120David A. Crighton Introduction 121 Systems of Justice 123 The System of Courts 124 The courts in England and Wales 124 Magistrates' courts 124 Youth courts 124 The Crown Court 125 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125 The County Court 125 The Family Court 125 The High Court 125 The Courts in Scotland 126 Justice of the Peace Courts 126 Sheriff Courts 126 Sheriff Appeal Court 126 The High Court of Justiciary 126 The Court of Session 126 The Courts in Northern Ireland 127 Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127 The Crown Court 127 The Court of Appeal 127 County Courts 127 The High Court 127 The UK Supreme Court 128 Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128 Court Martial 128 Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128 The Parole Boards 129 Mental Health Tribunals 129 Contributions of Psychology 129 Legal Process 131 Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132 Giving Evidence 135 Conclusions 136 Notes 137 Further Reading 137 References 138 Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143David A. Crighton Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144 Classification 145 Dimensional approaches 147 Diagnosis and formulation 148 Assessment 148 Hypothesis formulation 148 Psychodynamic theory 151 Cognitive behavioural theory 152 Systemic theory 153 Social inequalities theory 153 Integrative theories 154 Data Gathering 155 Interviews 156 Psychometric assessments 157 Data Analysis 158 Reliability 158 Validity 159 Criterion¿related validity 159 Content validity 159 Construct validity 159 Specificity, sensitivity and power 160 Single case analysis 160 Clinical Judgements and Biases 161 Conclusions 162 Notes 163 Further Reading 163 References 164 Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166David A. Crighton Key Legal Issues 167 Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168 Approaches to risk assessment 169 Risk Assessment Instruments 171 Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175 Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179 Conclusions 181 Notes 182 Further Reading 183 References 184 Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188 Developments in England and Wales 192 What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193 Legal 193 Clinical 195 Teaching and training 197 Research and development 198 The future 198 Conclusions 200 Notes 202 Further Reading 203 References 203 Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting Introduction 208 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208 The legal framework 209 Practical issues 210 Cultural issues 210 Evidence Base 211 Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213 The legal framework 213 Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214 Systemic issues 215 Discussion 216 Further Reading 217 References 218 Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222 Genetics 223 Neuroimaging 224 Neurology 226 Neuropsychology 228 Verbal and spatial intelligence 228 Executive functioning 229 Biological versus social influences 231 Psychophysiology 231 Heart rate 232 Skin conductance 232 Electroencephalogram and event¿related potentials 234 Endocrinology 236 Moral Development 236 Nutrition 238 Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239 Lie detection 240 Legal and judicial process 241 Assessment 241 Diagnostic identification 241 Treatment 242 Intervention 243 Dangerousness and risk prediction 243 Conclusions 244 Further Reading 244 References 245 Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263David P. Farrington Introduction 264 Risk¿focused prevention 265 What is a risk factor? 265 Cost-benefit analysis 266 Family¿based Prevention 266 Home visiting programmes 267 Parent management training 268 Other parenting interventions 269 Multi¿systemic therapy 270 School¿based Prevention 271 Pre¿school programmes 271 School programmes 272 Anti¿bullying programmes 274 Peer Programmes 275 Skills Training 276 Communities That Care 278 Recent UK Developments 279 Conclusions 280 Further Reading 283 References 283 Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294David P. Farrington Introduction 295 Individual Factors 300 Temperament and personality 300 Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301 Low intelligence and attainment 302 Low empathy 303 Family Factors 304 Child-rearing 304 Teenage mothers and child abuse 306 Parental conflict and disrupted families 307 Criminal parents 309 Large family size 310 Social Factors 311 Socio-economic deprivation 311 Peer influences 312 School influences 313 Community influences 314 Conclusions 316 Further Reading 317 References 318 Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331 Social predictors of desistance 331 Employment 332 Marriage 333 Peers 335 Military 336 Religion and Spirituality 336 Substance Use 337 Cognitive predictors of desistance 337 The role of identity change in the desistance process 339 The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340 Genetic Factors and Desistance 341 Summary 342 Conclusions 342 Policy relevance of desistance research 342 Next steps in desistance research 343 Further Reading 344 References 345 Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350David A. Crighton Development of Crisis Negotiation 351 Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352 Types of critical incidents 352 To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354 Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355 Calming the situation 355 Process of crisis negotiation 355 Communication and rapport building 356 Listening 356 Showing empathy 357 Building rapport 357 Developing influence 357 Gathering intelligence 358 Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358 Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360 The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361 The Experience of Hostages 361 Crisis Negotiation-The Evidence 362 Conclusions 365 Notes 366 Further Reading 366 References 367 Chapter 16 Terrorism 371Orla Lynch Introduction 372 Key Issues-Defining Terrorism 373 Labelling 374 Is Terrorism a Psychological Issue? 375 The Psychology of Terrorism: The State of the Art 376 Applying Psychology: The Case of Extremism 380 Risk Assessment 382 Risk assessment and the case of terrorism 382 Intervention 383 Proactive Integrated Support Model (PRISM) 386 What Does CVE Success Look Like? 387 Conclusion 388 Notes 388...