Preface;
Scope of This Book;
Conventions Used in This Book;
Getting Flex and Bison;
This Book's Example Files;
Using Code Examples;
Safari® Books Online;
How to Contact Us;
Acknowledgments;
Chapter 1: Introducing Flex and Bison;
1.1 Lexical Analysis and Parsing;
1.2 Regular Expressions and Scanning;
1.3 Grammars and Parsing;
1.4 Ambiguous Grammars: Not Quite;
1.5 Adding a Few More Rules;
1.6 Flex and Bison vs. Handwritten Scanners and Parsers;
1.7 Exercises;
Chapter 2: Using Flex;
2.1 Regular Expressions;
2.2 File I/O in Flex Scanners;
2.3 Reading Several Files;
2.4 The I/O Structure of a Flex Scanner;
2.5 Start States and Nested Input Files;
2.6 Symbol Tables and a Concordance Generator;
2.7 C Language Cross-Reference;
2.8 Exercises;
Chapter 3: Using Bison;
3.1 How a Bison Parser Matches Its Input;
3.2 Shift/Reduce Parsing;
3.3 A Bison Parser;
3.4 Abstract Syntax Trees;
3.5 An Improved Calculator That Creates ASTs;
3.6 Shift/Reduce Conflicts and Operator Precedence;
3.7 An Advanced Calculator;
3.8 Using the Advanced Calculator;
3.9 Exercises;
Chapter 4: Parsing SQL;
4.1 A Quick Overview of SQL;
4.2 Manipulating Relations;
4.3 Three Ways to Use SQL;
4.4 SQL to RPN;
4.5 The Lexer;
4.6 The Parser;
4.7 The Makefile for the SQL Parser;
4.8 Exercises;
Chapter 5: A Reference for Flex Specifications;
5.1 Structure of a Flex Specification;
5.2 BEGIN;
5.3 C++ Scanners;
5.4 Context Sensitivity;
5.5 Definitions (Substitutions);
5.6 ECHO;
5.7 Input Management;
5.8 Flex Library;
5.9 Interactive and Batch Scanners;
5.10 Line Numbers and yylineno;
5.11 Literal Block;
5.12 Multiple Lexers in One Program;
5.13 Options When Building a Scanner;
5.14 Portability of Flex Lexers;
5.15 Reentrant Scanners;
5.16 Regular Expression Syntax;
5.17 REJECT;
5.18 Returning Values from yylex();
5.19 Start States;
5.20 unput();
5.21 yyinput() yyunput();
5.22 yyleng;
5.23 yyless();
5.24 yylex() and YY_DECL;
5.25 yymore();
5.26 yyrestart();
5.27 yy_scan_string and yy_scan_buffer;
5.28 YY_USER_ACTION;
5.29 yywrap();
Chapter 6: A Reference for Bison Specifications;
6.1 Structure of a Bison Grammar;
6.2 Actions;
6.3 Ambiguity and Conflicts;
6.4 Bugs in Bison Programs;
6.5 C++ Parsers;
6.6 %code Blocks;
6.7 End Marker;
6.8 Error Token and Error Recovery;
6.9 Inherited Attributes ($0);
6.10 %initial-action;
6.11 Lexical Feedback;
6.12 Literal Block;
6.13 Literal Tokens;
6.14 Locations;
6.15 %parse-param;
6.16 Portability of Bison Parsers;
6.17 Precedence and Associativity Declarations;
6.18 Recursive Rules;
6.19 Rules;
6.20 Special Characters;
6.21 %start Declaration;
6.22 Symbol Values;
6.23 Tokens;
6.24 Variant and Multiple Grammars;
6.25 Multiple Parsers;
6.26 y.output Files;
6.27 Bison Library;
6.28 YYABORT;
6.29 YYACCEPT;
6.30 YYBACKUP;
6.31 yyclearin;
6.32 yydebug and YYDEBUG;
6.33 yyerrok;
6.34 YYERROR;
6.35 yyerror();
6.36 yyparse();
6.37 YYRECOVERING();
Chapter 7: Ambiguities and Conflicts;
7.1 The Pointer Model and Conflicts;
7.2 Kinds of Conflicts;
7.3 Parser States;
7.4 Contents of name.output;
7.5 Reduce/Reduce Conflicts;
7.6 Shift/Reduce Conflicts;
7.7 Review of Conflicts in name.output;
7.8 Common Examples of Conflicts;
7.9 How Do You Fix the Conflict?;
7.10 Summary;
7.11 Exercises;
Chapter 8: Error Reporting and Recovery;
8.1 Error Reporting;
8.2 Locations;
8.3 Error Recovery;
8.4 Bison Error Recovery;
8.5 Compiler Error Recovery;
8.6 Exercises;
Chapter 9: Advanced Flex and Bison;
9.1 Pure Scanners and Parsers;
9.2 GLR Parsing;
9.3 C++ Parsers;
9.4 Exercises;
SQL Parser Grammar and Cross-Reference;
Glossary;
Colophon;