1. Contained communities in tropical Africa Graham Connah; 2. Palisaded settlements in prehistoric Eastern North America George R. Milner; 3. To wall or not to wall: evidence from Medieval Germany James D. Tracy; 4. Medieval walled space: urban development vs. defence Kathryn L. Reyerson; 5. A world without walls: city and town in colonial Spanish America Richard L. Kagan; 6. The fortifications of Epaminondas and the rise of the monumental Greek city Frederick A. Cooper; 7. Imperial walled cities in the West and their early medieval Nachleben Bernard S. Bachrach; 8. Delhi walled: changing boundaries Catherine B. Asher; 9. Walled cities in Islamic North Africa and Egypt (with particular reference to the Fatamids, 909-1171) Jonathan Bloom; 10. Ottoman military architecture in the early gunpowder era: a reassessment Simon Pepper; 11. Walled towns during the French wars of religion, 1560-1630 Michael Wolfe; 12. Portuguese urban fortifications in Morocco: borrowing, adaptation, and innovation along a military frontier Martin M. Elbl; 13. The artillery fortress as an engine of European overseas expansion, 1480-1750 Geoffrey Parker; 14. Representations of Chinese walled cities in the pictorial and graphic arts Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; 15. The hierarchy of Ming city walls Edward L. Farmer; 16. Decoration of city walls in Medieval Islam: the epigraphic message Sheila S. Blair; 17. Medieval French representations of city and other walls Wolfgang G. van Emden; 18. Siege law, siege ritual, and the symbolism of city walls in Renaissance Europe Simon Pepper; 19. Representations of the city in siege views of the seventeenth century: the war of military images and their production Martha Pollak.