Dr. Liam Collins is the executive director of the Madison Policy Forum, a senior fellow with New America, and a permanent member with the Council on Foreign Relations. Colonel (retired) Collins served in the US Army for 27 years. As a career Special Forces officer, he conducted multiple operational and combat deployments to Afghanistan, Iraq, Bosnia, South America, and the Horn of Africa. In Iraq, Liam conducted operations in Baghdad, Fallujah, Ramadi, and many other cities. Liam retired from the military in 2019 as the founding director of the Modern War Institute and the director of the Department of Military Instruction at the United States Military Academy at West Point. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering (Aerospace) from the United States Military Academy, and a Master's in Public Affairs and a PhD from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.

Genealogies viii

Maps xi

Introduction 1

1 Al-Andalus:War and Society, 796-888 14

2 The Asturian Kingdom: Chroniclers and Kings, 791-910 50

3 The Christians of al-Andalus 83

4 Monks, Books, and Saints in the Christian North 104

5 Al-Andalus: Local Government versus the Capital, 888-928 121

6 TheKingdomofLe¿ on, 910-1037 138

7 Al-Andalus: Umayyad Triumph and Disaster, 912-1031 166

8 The Kingdom of Navarre and the Pyrenean Counties, 799-1035 205

9 The County of Castile, c.860-1037 238

Bibliography 257

Glossary 300

Acknowledgments 302

Index 304