MILES HEWSTONE is Emeritus Professor, University of Oxford. He has (co)authored 3 books, edited 25 books, and has published over 250 articles relating to the study of social psychology. He has been awarded the Presidents' Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge (2001) and the Kurt Lewin Medal for Distinguished Research Achievement (2005). He is a Fellow of the British Academy.

WOLFGANG STROEBE has taught social psychology in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands. He is currently Emeritus Professor, Utrecht University and visiting professor at the University of Groningen. He has authored and co-authored multiple books and numerous scientific articles on social and health psychology. He has received several awards, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Louvain (Belgium), the Tajfel Award for lifelong contributions to European Social Science, and the lifetime achievement award of the German Psychological Association.

Notes on Contributors xvii Preface to Seventh Edition xx Guided Tour xxiii Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students xxix Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology 1Wolfgang Stroebe and Miles Hewstone Introduction 2 Some classic studies 2 A Definition of Social Psychology 5 The core characteristics of social psychology 5 The Unique Perspective of Social Psychology 7 The study of the individual and the social 7 A Brief History of Social Psychology 11 The beginning 11 The early years 15 The years of expansion 17 Social Psychology In Europe 20 The Two Crises of Social Psychology 22 The first crisis of social psychology 22 The second crisis of social psychology 25 Why crises can be good for a field 28 Recent Developments In Social Psychology 29 Chapter Summary 32 Key Terms 33 Note 33 Suggestions For Further Reading 33 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Social Psychology 35Andrew G. Livingstone and Antony S. R. Manstead Introduction 36 Summary 38 Research Strategies 38 Experiments and quasi¿experiments 40 Survey research 42 Qualitative approaches 44 Summary 47 A Closer Look At Experimentation In Social Psychology 48 Features of the social psychological experiment 48 Experimental designs 51 Threats to validity in experimental research 56 Problems with experimentation 62 Summary 64 Data Collection Methods 64 Observational methods 65 Self¿report methods 67 Implicit and physiological methods 68 'Big data': Social media and online behaviour as a source of data 70 Choosing a method 70 Social neuroscience 71 Summary 71 Chapter Summary 72 Key Terms 73 Suggestions For Further Reading 74 Chapter 3 Social Perception and Attribution 75Brian Parkinson Introduction 76 Social Perception 77 Summary 81 Attribution Theory 81 Correspondent inference theory 82 Covariation theory 85 Access To Covariation Information 87 Knowledge, expectation and covariation 89 Learning about causation using covariation and causal power 90 Attributions and achievement 91 Attribution and depression 92 Misattribution of arousal 95 Attributional biases 99 Explaining intentional behaviour 111 The naive scientist metaphor 112 Attributions as discourse 114 Summary 114 Social Perception and Social Reality 115 Automatic and Controlled Social Perception 116 Chapter Summary 117 Key Terms 118 Suggestions For Further Reading 119 Chapter 4 Social Cognition 120Roland Deutsch and Jenny Roth Introduction 121 Five Principles of Social Cognition 121 First principle: social phenomena can be explained by general cognitive processes 121 Second principle: social cognition is situated 132 Third principle: motivation shapes social cognition 140 Fourth principle: social cognition can be a special adaptation 145 Fifth principle: social phenomena are often caused by a mixture of general and more specifically social processes 155 Chapter Summary 158 Key Terms 160 Suggestions For Further Reading 160 Chapter 5 The Self 161Carolyn C. Morf Introduction 162 Where Self¿Knowledge Comes From 163 Through our own observation: personal sources 164 Through the help of others: social sources 166 Experiencing a coherent self: autobiographical memories and the self as narrative 170 Summary 171 The Organizational Function of The Self: The Self As Mental Representation 172 The nature of the self¿concept 172 Actual, ideal and possible selves 175 Implicit and explicit self¿knowledge 176 The nature of self¿esteem 176 The neural underpinnings of self¿knowledge 185 Summary 186 The Motivational Functions of The Self 186 Know thyself: the self¿assessment motive 187 Bigger, better, faster, stronger: the self¿enhancement motive 187 The puzzle of low self¿regard: self¿verification 193 Why do we self¿enhance? 197 The pros and cons of pursuing self¿esteem 198 Summary 201 The Regulatory Functions of The Self: The Self In Control 201 Self¿awareness theory 202 Self¿regulation theory 202 The consequences of self-regulation 205 Autonomous self¿regulation as a resource 206 Summary 207 Self Stability and Change 208 Chapter Summary 210 Key Terms 211 Suggestions For Further Reading 212 Chapter 6 Attitudes 213Geoffrey Haddock and Gregory R. Maio Introduction 214 What is An Attitude? 214 Summary 215 The Content of Attitudes 215 The cognitive component of attitudes 216 The affective component of attitudes 217 The behavioural component of attitudes 218 How related are the components of attitudes? 220 Summary 222 The Structure of Attitudes 222 Summary 224 Why Do We Hold Attitudes? 224 Object appraisal 226 Utilitarian versus value¿expressive attitudes 227 Summary 229 Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function 230 Content, structure, function and attitude strength 230 Summary 231 The Measurement of Attitudes 231 Explicit measures of attitudes 232 Issues relevant to the explicit measurement of attitudes 233 Implicit measures of attitudes 234 Are attitude measures reliable and valid? 238 Summary 238 Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour? 239 When do attitudes predict behaviour? 241 Do explicit and implicit measures of attitude predict different types of behaviour? 244 Models of attitude-behaviour relations 246 Summary 251 Chapter Summary 251 Key Terms 252 Suggestions For Further Reading 253 Chapter 7 Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change 254Wolfgang Stroebe Introduction 255 Persuasion 255 Theories of systematic processing 256 A dual¿process theory of persuasion 260 The impact of persuasion on implicit measures of attitude 270 Incentive¿Induced Attitude Change 272 Counter¿attitudinal behaviour and attitude change 273 Some paradoxical effects of incentives and sanctions 277 Further limitations of the effectiveness of incentive¿induced change 278 Summary 279 Advertising As Applied Persuasion 279 Is subliminal advertising possible? 280 Summary 289 Chapter Summary 290 Key Terms 291 Suggestions For Further Reading 291 Chapter 8 Social Influence 293Miles Hewstone and Robin Martin Introduction 294 Classic Evidence of Social Influence and The Power of Social Norms 295 The impact of social norms 295 Summary 302 Why Does Social Influence Occur? 302 Social comparison 304 Summary 305 Types of Social Influence 306 Inducing compliance 306 The influence of numerical majorities and minorities 308 Group decision¿making 325 Obedience to authority 334 Summary 343 Chapter Summary 344 Key Terms 345 Suggestions For Further Reading 345 Chapter 9 Aggression 347Barbara Krahé Introduction 348 Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour 349 Observation of aggressive behaviour 351 Obtaining reports of aggressive behaviour 351 Summary 354 Theories of Aggression 354 Biological approaches 354 Psychological approaches 357 Summary 364 Personal and Situational Variables Affecting Aggressive Behaviour 365 Individual differences in aggressive behaviour 365 Situational influences on aggressive behaviour 367 Summary 376 Aggression As A Social Problem 376 Intimate partner violence 377 Sexual aggression 380 Bullying in school and the workplace 381 Intergroup violence 384 Summary 388 Psychological Prevention and Intervention 388 Catharsis 389 Punishment 390 De¿escalation through eliciting incompatible responses 390 Summary 392 Chapter Summary 392 Key Terms 393 Suggestions For Further Reading 394 Chapter 10 Prosocial Behaviour 395Mark Levine, Rachel Manning, and Richard Philpot Introduction 396 Prosocial Behaviour, Helping and Altruism 398 Definitions 398 The altruism-egoism debate 399 Prosocial behaviours 403 Summary 404 Why People Don't Help 404 A decision¿making model of bystander behaviour 406 Summary 412 Why People Do Help 412 The costs and rewards of helping 412 Groups, identity and prosocial behaviour 415 Helping outgroups 418 Social identity and the bystander effect 419 Social identity, emotion and bystander intervention 420 Summary 421 Issues In Researching Prosocial Behaviour 421 Violence and helping 422 Gender and helping 425 Long¿term, sustained helping behaviours 426 Summary 430 Evolution, Genes and Helping 431 When helping is not self¿interested 433 Summary 435 The Social Neuroscience of Helping 435 Summary 437 Helping In The Real World 437 Selfish vs. altruistic behaviour in life¿threatening emergencies 438 Summary 442 Chapter Summary 442 Key Terms 443 Suggestions For Further Reading 444 Chapter 11 Attraction and Close Relationships 445Johan C. Karremans and Catrin Finkenauer Introduction 446 The Importance of Relationships 446 Relationships and psychological well¿being 446 Relationships and physical well¿being 447 The role of social support 448 The immediate effects of social exclusion 448 The need to belong 451 Attachment 451 Summary 456 Interpersonal Attraction 456 The benefits of physical attractiveness 456 What is beautiful is good 456 The features that determine physical attractiveness 457 Contextual influences on physical attractiveness 460 Psychological attraction 461 Proximity 462 Familiarity 463 Similarity 463 Underestimating the power of the situation 465 Summary 465 Romantic Relationships 465 Love 466 Relationship satisfaction and stability 466 Thoughts and behaviours that enhance relationship functioning 469 Summary 473 General Relationship Processes 474 Types of relationships 474 Disclosure 476 Perceived partner responsiveness 479 Relationship ending 481 Summary 482 Chapter Summary 482 Key Terms 484 Suggestions For Further Reading 484 Chapter 12 Group Dynamics 485Bernard A. Nijstad Introduction 486 The Phenomenology of Groups 486 Defining groups 486 Why groups? 487 Types of groups, entitativity and group functions 488 Consequences of entitativity 490 Summary 491 Individuals In Groups: Social Facilitation 493 Zajonc's drive theory 493 The role of evaluation 494 Distraction¿conflict theory 495 Individuals In Groups: Group Socialization 497 Joining a group and group socialization: becoming a full member 498 Being in a group: maintenance and role negotiation 501 Leaving a group: divergence and exit 502 Summary 506 Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis 506 Group development 506 On being similar:...