Fumiko Nazikian is a senior lecturer in Japanese at Columbia University, USA. Among her recent publications are Social Networking Approach to Japanese Language Teaching: The Intersection of Language and Culture in the Digital Age (co-editor, Routledge, 2021), Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide & Modern Japanese Workbook (co-author, Routledge, 2014), and Hiyaku (coauthor, Routledge, 2011).

Keiko Ono is a lecturer in Japanese and classical language specialist at Princeton University, USA. Prior to joining Princeton University in 2000, she taught at Columbia University, the University of Cologne, Germany, and Bukkyo University, Japan. Her current research interests and article publications lie in the teaching of both classical and academic Japanese for non-native speakers.

Naofumi Tatsumi is a visiting lecturer of Japanese at Brown University, USA. Prior to joining Brown in 2021, he taught at Illinois Wesleyan University and Columbia University. He has recently been writing a textbook in English collaboratively with four professors from other institutions to broaden cultural awareness of Japan.

Contents

Preface

To the Reader

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: "Toolbox": Essential Grammar for Scholarly Reading 1

1. Understanding Written Style

2. Finding the Predicate and the Subject

2.1 Finding the Predicate: The Ending of a Sentence

2.2 Finding the Subject

2.2.1 When the Particle ¿ Marks the Subject

2.2.2 When the Particle ¿ Marks the Subject

2.2.3 When the Particle ¿ Marks the Subject

2.2.4 When the Particle ¿ Marks the Subject

2.2.5 Other Particles That Mark the Subject

2.2.6 Cases in Which the Subject is Omitted

3. Separating Sentences Based on Meaning (Chunking)

3.1 Compound Sentences: Listing with the ¿-Form

3.1.1 Connecting Verbs

3.1.2 Connecting I-adjectives

3.1.3 Connecting Na-adjectives

3.1.4 Connecting Nouns

3.2 The Suspended Form Method (¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿)

3.2.1 Verbs

3.2.2 I-adjectives

3.3 ¿¿ 'what's more; not only ~ but also.'

3.4 X ¿¿¿ Y 'Y called X'

3.4.1 X (Clause) ¿¿¿ Y (Noun)

3.4.2 X (Noun) ¿¿¿ Y (Noun)

3.5 S1 ¿¿S2 'S1, but / and S2'

3.5.1 BUT / ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ (Concessive Connection)

3.5.2 AND / ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ (Simple Connection)

3.6 Conditional Expressions 20

3.6.1 S ¿¿, S / N ¿¿, S ¿, and S ¿ 'If / When'

3.6.2 Other Often-Used Conditional Expressions, ¿¿¿¿¿¿ 'in case of; in the case (of)' and ¿¿¿¿

4. Sentence-Ending Expressions

4.1 Explaining a Circumstance ¿¿/¿¿¿¿/¿¿¿

4.2 Rhetorical Questions ¿(¿)¿¿¿¿¿/¿¿¿¿

4.3 Softening of a Claim/Conclusion

4.3.1 ¿¿¿¿¿¿/¿¿¿¿¿¿

4.3.2 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿/¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

5. Defining Expressions X ¿ Y ¿¿¿ 'regard X as Y'

6. Particles

6.1 Compound Particles

6.2 Particle Equivalent Phrases

7. Kanji

7.1 ¿¿¿¿¿ (Kanji Made in Japan)

7.2 ¿¿ ¿¿¿ Chinese Character(s) Used for Its Phonetic Sound

7.3 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Simplified Kanji

7.4 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Japanese-Chinese Homographs

7.5 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Japanese-Chinese Homophones

8. Classical Japanese Grammar

(for Reading Academic Articles from the Meiji Era Onwards)

8.1 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Historical Kana Orthography

8.2 Inflected Forms

8.3 Verbs

8.4 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Adjectives and ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Adjectival Verbs

8.4.1 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Adjectives (i-adjectives)

8.4.2 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Adjectival Verbs (na-adjectives)

8.5 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Auxiliary Verbs

8.5.1 ¿ Negative

8.5.2 ¿ and ¿¿ Recollective

8.5.3 ¿¿ and ¿¿ Copular/Declarative

8.5.4 ¿¿, ¿, and ¿ Perfective

8.5.5 ¿¿ Advice, Appropriateness, Potential, Intentional, Speculative, and Command

8.5.6 ¿ and ¿¿ Passive, Potential, Honorific, and Spontaneous

8.5.7 ¿¿¿ Comparative

8.5.8 ¿¿ Causative

8.5.9 ¿ Speculative, Intentional, and Circumlocution

8.5.10 ¿¿ Negative Speculative and Negative Intentional

8.6 Conjunctive Particles

8.6.1 ¿ Hypothetical / Logical Connections

8.6.2 ¿¿, ¿, ¿¿, and ¿ Concessive Connections

8.6.3 ¿ and ¿ Causal, Concessive, and Simple Connections

8.6.4 ¿¿ Causal, Concessive, and Simple Connections

8.7 ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Attributive Form + Particle

9. The Influence of Chinese Texts in Japanese

9.1 Expressions Used for Japanese Readings

9.1.1 Causative Expressions

9.1.2 ¿¿¿¿

9.2 ¿¿¿¿¿ Verbification, Adjectivization, and Adverbization

Chapter 2 Section 1: What Are Modifiers?

(Mechanisms of Modifying Sentences in Japanese)

1.1 Modifying Nouns

1.2 The Particle ¿

1.3 The ¿-Form as a Conjunction

1.4 Subordinate Clauses: Clauses with Conjunctive Particles

1.4.1 Concessive ¿¿

1.4.2 Reason Clause ¿¿

1.4.3 Conjunctive Particle ¿ '(and) what is more'

2. Summary

3. Exercises

Chapter 2 Section 2: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 3: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 4: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 5: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 6: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 7: ¿¿¿¿¿

Chapter 2 Section 8: ¿¿¿¿¿¿

¿¿¿¿¿¿ Answers

Bibliography

Index Chapter 1

Index (Expressions)

Auxiliary Verb Conjugations